肠道菌群分析及粪便炎性标志物检测在炎症性肠病活动度评估中的作用

目的 探讨肠道菌群和粪便炎性标志物在炎症性肠病（IBD）活动度评估中的临床价值。方法 共纳入120例IBD患者为研究组,其中溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者68例,克罗恩病（CD）患者52例。选择30例经结肠镜检查正常的健康体检者为对照组。采集全部研究对象的新鲜粪便标本进行粪便细菌培养及炎性标志物检测,比较不同疾病活动度IBD患者的肠道菌群及粪便钙卫蛋白（FC）、乳铁蛋白（LF）、基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、髓过氧化酶（MPO）水平的变化。结果 与对照组比,UC和CD患者肠道中肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌、消化球菌及酵母菌数量均明显增加（P＜0.05）,双歧杆菌、乳杆菌及真杆菌数量明显减少（P＜0.05）。UC患者梭菌数量较对照组增加（P＜0.05）,CD患者梭菌数量较对照组减少（P＜0.05）。UC、CD活动期患者肠杆菌、肠球菌、拟杆菌、消化球菌及酵母菌数量明显多于缓解期患者（P＜0.05）,双歧杆菌、乳杆菌及真杆菌数量明显少于缓解期患者（P＜0.05）,且重度活动期患者肠道菌群改变较轻、中度活动期改变更明显（P＜0.05）。UC活动期患者梭菌数量明显多于缓解期（P＜0.05）,CD活动期患者梭菌数量明显少于缓解期（P＜0.05）。UC和CD患者粪便中FC、LF、MMP-9及MPO水平均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。UC、CD活动期患者FC、LF、MMP-9及MPO水平显著高于缓解期患者（P＜0.05）,且重度活动期患者高于轻、中度活动期患者（P＜0.05）。结论 肠道菌群变化和粪便中FC、LF、MMP-9及MPO水平可作为IBD患者疾病活动性评估的辅助指标。     

Female dominance status and fecal corticoids in a cooperative breeder with low reproductive skew: ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Many studies have shown that low dominance status within a social group is associated with elevated glucocorticoid hormone production, a common index of physiological stress. However, the reverse may be true among cooperatively breeding female mammals with high reproductive skew; that is, high dominance status is associated with elevated glucocorticoid levels. Elevated glucocorticoid levels in these dominant females may be a product of their being the only breeder within a group or may result from other challenges associated with high status. To test this difference, we studied fecal corticoid levels in cooperative breeding females with low reproductive skew (i.e., where reproduction is not limited to dominant group members): ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). We collected behavioral and fecal corticoid data from 39 ring-tailed lemur females from eight groups across three sites. In seven of the eight groups, either one or both of the two most dominant females (ranks 1 and 2) exhibited the highest fecal corticoid levels in the groups. The best predictor of corticoid levels in high-ranking females was the proportion of aggressive agonistic interactions they initiated. For the lower-ranking females the best predictors of elevated corticoid levels were being the recipient of aggressive attacks and being relatively close to one's nearest neighbors. These results differ from many studies of caged male mammals where subordinate individuals often exhibit the highest glucocorticoid levels of a group. Furthermore, the results indicate that reproduction itself is not the primary reason for higher glucocorticoid levels among dominant cooperative-breeding females, but that some other factor must account for these elevated levels.     

中药金汁和粪菌移植液的菌群结构特征

摘要：目的 明确中药金汁的菌群结构和数量,阐明金汁和粪菌移植液的菌群差异。方法 课题组在福建省泉州市花桥慈济宫采集了金汁样本9份,在宁夏标准粪菌移植库制备粪菌移植液9份。采用宏基因组学16S rRNA技术对9份金汁和9份粪菌移植液样本的菌群进行检测。结果 金汁和粪菌移植液在门、纲、目、科、属和种等不同生物学等级进行对照研究,发现丰富度差异较大的10个菌属,金汁中的变形菌从门、纲、目、属和种等不同层级的丰富度均高于粪菌移植液(t=2.647 1,P=0.003 2)。金汁中的厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、梭杆菌门和放线菌门的丰富度明显低于粪菌移植液（t=2.824 9、2.782 1、3.684 5、2.735 4,均P<0.01,）。结论 中医金汁的菌群生物学特征明显不同于现代的粪菌移植液。     

Relationships between the density of different indicator organisms on sheep and beef carcasses and in frozen beef and sheep meat

AIM: To describe the relationship between the concentration of different indicator bacteria in red meat. METHODS AND RESULTS: Enumeration data for aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms and Escherichia coli biotype I were analysed from an Australia-wide survey of beef carcasses, sheep carcasses, frozen beef and frozen sheep meat. In all commodities, there was only low-to-moderate rank correlation (0.16-0.47) between concentration of APC and concentration of each Gram-negative indicator. Rank correlations between counts of Gram-negative indicators were much higher (0.47-0.92) especially when nondetections were excluded from analysis (0.78-0.94). Receiver-operator characteristics analysis showed that detection of coliforms can predict the presence of E. coli biotype I with almost 100% sensitivity but fails to predict absence in 2.7-8.5% of samples not containing E. coli biotype I. CONCLUSIONS: Enumeration of coliforms is a useful adjunct to enumeration of E. coli biotype I or Enterobacteriaceae in red meat. The density of coliforms or Enterobacteriaceae can be used to predict the presence or absence of E. coli biotype I, although when the latter is at low prevalence errors in positive test prediction can be large. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A quantitative basis is provided for comparing the concentration of different indicator bacteria measured in the production, regulation and trade of red meat.     

化妆品中耐热大肠菌群和金黄色葡萄球菌检测能力验证分析

为增强实验室竞争力,考察实验室检测水平,本实验室参加了ACAS-pT743(2019)化妆品耐热大肠菌群及金黄色葡萄球菌的检测能力验证.本次能力验证中实验室共接收了四个样品,按照《化妆品安全技术规范》2015版对样品展开检测,并采用关键生理生化指标对可疑菌落加以确定以及16 S rDNA序列测定方法对结果进行复确认.结...     

天山马鹿南山种群肠道寄生虫的流行病学调查

为了解野生天山马鹿胃肠道寄生虫感染情况,2011 年10 月至2012 年6 月和2012 年9 月,利用漂浮法和沉淀法,对分布于新疆乌鲁木齐南山山区天山马鹿的306 份马鹿粪便进行了调查。结果表明,天山马鹿寄生虫感染情况较为严重,主要有鞭虫卵、蛔虫卵、球虫卵、线虫卵和幼虫,总感染率高达85. 6% 。其中鞭虫卵、蛔虫卵、球虫卵及其他(未能鉴定分类的线虫卵和幼虫)的平均感染率分别为78.1% 、56. 9% 、0.7% 和25. 8% ,感染强度(EPG)分别为106.4、8. 6、0.9 和3.9,其中鞭虫卵占优势。混合感染情况比较严重,鞭虫卵和蛔虫卵的混合感染率为最高,可达44% 。     

The endocrinology of pregnancy and fetal loss in wild baboons

An impressive body of research has focused on the mechanisms by which the steroid estrogens (E), progestins (P), and glucocorticoids (GC) ensure successful pregnancy. With the advance of non-invasive techniques to measure steroids in urine and feces, steroid hormones are routinely monitored to detect pregnancy in wild mammalian species, but hormone data on fetal loss have been sparse. Here, we examine fecal steroid hormones from five groups of wild yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Amboseli basin of Kenya to compare the hormones of successful pregnancies to those ending in fetal loss or stillbirth. Using a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional data, we analyzed three steroid hormones (E, P, GC) and related metabolites from 5 years of fecal samples across 188 pregnancies. Our results document the course of steroid hormone concentrations across successful baboon pregnancy in the wild and demonstrate that fecal estrogens predicted impending fetal loss starting 2 months before the externally observed loss. By also considering an additional 450 pregnancies for which we did not have hormonal data, we determined that the probability for fetal loss for Amboseli baboons was 13.9%, and that fetal mortality occurred throughout gestation (91 losses occurred in 656 pregnancies; rates were the same for pregnancies with and without hormonal data). These results demonstrate that our longstanding method for early detection of pregnancies based on observation of external indicators closely matches hormonal identification of pregnancy in wild baboons.     

可可西里自然保护区藏羚羊的食性分析

2005 年7 月和2006 年1 月在可可西里国家自然保护区内收集藏羚羊的新鲜粪样各33 份和55 份。利用粪便显微分析法分析了该地区藏羚羊的食物构成及其冷季(1月)和暖季(7月)的变化。结果表明,在藏羚羊粪便中镜检到的可识别植物碎片为15 科24 种(属)植物,其食物谱构成主要包括禾本科、豆科、菊科、柽柳科及玄参科植物;禾本科是藏羚羊全年的主要食物,它在食物组成中所占的比例为60. 5% ;莎草科、豆科、菊科、柽柳科及玄参科植物是藏羚羊全年都取食的主要食物,其所占比例分别为16.7% 、9.2% 、6.4% 、4.9% 及0.9% 。藏羚羊在冷季和暖季的食物构成有显著变化,莎草科和柽柳科在冷季所占比例较低,分别为7.7% 和0.8% ,而禾本科、豆科和玄参科在冷季所占比例较高,分别达到了70.4%、12.6% 和2.4%。      

匹拉米洞法、邻联甲苯胺法和联苯胺法检测林麝便隐血的比较

圈养林麝(Moschusberezovskii)长期受困于消化道类疾病,尤其是肠道炎症性疾病患病率和死亡率一直居高不下。粪便检测是评估野生动物消化系统是否存在出血情况的有效方法之一,并且在圈养林麝肠道健康状况评估及肠道炎症性疾病临床诊断等方面提供了一定的诊断依据。粪便隐血在消化道出血诊断中有广泛的临床诊断价值。基于此,本研究用新鲜的林麝血液进行稀释,来探究匹拉米洞法、邻联甲苯胺法和联苯胺法三种方法对林麝血液浓度的灵敏度范围。检测结果显示,匹拉米洞法的最低敏感性检测浓度为0.05 mg/L,敏感性范围远大于邻联甲苯胺法(0.40 mg/L)和联苯胺法(100.00 mg/L)。分别利用三种检测方法对林麝粪便潜血进行检测,比较检测结果的阳性率,结果显示,匹拉米洞法的检测效果优于其他两种方法,阳性率分别为匹拉米洞法检测法10.13%、邻联甲苯胺法检测法2.56%和联苯胺法检测法0,差异有诊断学意义(P <0.05)。而且在操作上,匹拉米洞法更加简便快捷。故在诊断林麝消化道出血时,采用匹拉米洞法进行林麝便隐血的检测更加准确便捷。     

冰冻粪菌移植治疗艰难梭菌相关腹泻效果的Meta分析

目的 应用Meta分析评价冰冻粪菌移植(FMT)治疗艰难梭菌感染(CDI)相关腹泻的效果。 方法 计算机检索CNKI、CBM、WanFang Data、PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library数据库关于冰冻FMT治疗CDI相关腹泻的随机对照试验,检索时限均为建库至2019年8月。 结果 共纳入8个研究,包括665例患者。Meta分析结果显示:冰冻FMT相比万古霉素/非达霉素治疗CDI相关腹泻差异有统计学意义[OR=23.94,95% CI=(6.80,84.34),P0.05)。多次FMT相比单次FMT能显著治愈CDI相关腹泻,差异有统计学意义[OR=9.79,95% CI=(4.27,22.46),P0.05)。 结论 冰冻FMT相比万古霉素/非达霉素治疗CDI相关腹泻有更好的疗效,且通过灌肠或结肠镜移植冰冻/冻干粪菌可以是一种替代新鲜粪菌的治疗方法,同时多次FMT治疗CDI相关腹泻的治愈率高于单次FMT,CDI患者不良反应和病亡率的发生与FMT无直接关系。以上结论需要更多高质量的研究加以证实。