新疆85个县市旅游生态安全时空格局演变及驱动机制

旅游生态安全是区域生态安全的重要组成部分。科学评价区域旅游生态安全状况,对区域旅游生态安全风险防控具有重要的现实意义。以新疆85个县市为研究对象,兼顾DPSIR模型与数据包络分析方法（DEA）两者优势,运用Max-DEA软件科学、系统地测度新疆各县市2007-2017年的旅游生态安全,利用ArcGIS10.6和GeoDa0.95i软件的空间分析技术对新疆各县市的旅游生态安全时空格局演变特征进行分析,并利用地理探测器探测旅游生态安全的关键影响因素。研究发现：（1）时间上,新疆多数县市的旅游生态安全指数逐年降低,呈现出明显的恶化趋势;空间上,新疆各县市旅游生态安全等级两极分化现象严重,且南疆县市的旅游生态安全水平总体优于北疆县市;（2）新疆各县市的旅游生态安全存在明显的相关性,旅游生态安全空间集聚态势明显;（3）新疆旅游生态安全低-低类聚集区域范围有所扩散,高-高类聚集区域范围则正在缩小,负面空间溢出效应增强,正面溢出效应减弱;（4）影响新疆各县市旅游生态安全的主要因素有：城镇化率、游客人数、游客密度、旅游空间指数、星级酒店数、植被指数、农牧民人均纯收入、旅游业对GDP的贡献率、旅游接待能力以及每万人拥有教师数。基于研究发现,本文刻画了新疆旅游生态安全的驱动机制,并提出相应的政策建议。研究成果对新疆各县市的旅游生态安全的保护具有重要的参考意义。     

Quantifying Phosphorus Flow Pathways Through Socioeconomic Systems at the County Level in China

Phosphorus (P) is a key factor in aquatic eutrophication, and P contamination has become a common issue worldwide. Many developing countries, including China, have made great efforts in the anti‐P contamination battle. In this article we mainly discuss the P flow in Wuwei, a typical county in China with insufficient wastewater treatment, using the method of static substance flow analysis. We show that characterizing P metabolic pathways and flows at the county level can provide useful information about P pollution. Through complex calculations, we found that Wuwei County released 3,552 metric tons (t) of P into the local aquatic environment in 2008 and that its P load (3.35 kilograms P per capita per year [kg P/cap/yr] or 19.43 kilograms P per hectare per year [kg‐P/ha/yr]) was greater than both the adjoining counties’ and Chaohu City's average levels combined. The agricultural subsystem discharged the largest quantity of P (2,572 t) and had a relatively low production conversion efficiency (32%) and P waste recycling rate (36%). The rural residential and small‐scale livestock breeding systems also accounted for substantial portions of P discharge. Anti‐P contamination efforts should consequently focus on those three subsystems. Based on the results of this case study, we also discuss the feasibility of potential efforts to reduce P contamination.     

陕西典型麦田区土壤全氮的空间异质性及其影响因素

为制定合理施肥方案,确保农业资源的可持续利用,采用地统计学方法结合GIS技术研究陕西蒲城县农业区麦田土壤中全氮(TN)的空间结构和分布特征。结果表明:蒲城县土壤全氮含量范围在0.42—1.32 g·kg^-1之间,变异系数为21.0%,属于中等变异强度,表明土壤全氮含量分布不均匀;486个原始全氮含量样点剔除特异值后,符合正态分布;半变异函数的最佳理论模型符合指数模型,函数块金值为5.83×10^-3,偏基台值为7.26×10^-3,块金值/基台值为0.46,说明全氮具有中等强度的空间相关性;普通Kriging插值结果显示,该县全氮含量呈现出由西南到东北逐渐下降的趋势,除分布于西南方向的荆姚镇和原仁乡有一些斑块状样区(11.5%)处于中等含氮水平以外,其余88.5%的调查样区土壤全氮含量均处于不同程度的缺乏状态,这与农户对西南灌区氮肥的投入多于东北山原区密切相关。该县相关部门要重视氮肥的投入,提高该县整体氮肥含量,同时针对“西南多氮东北少氮”的实际情况,实行因地施肥与精准分区管理。     

新时代植保植检工作新探索

植保植检工作如何适应社会发展的需要,不断更新工作思路,不断提高植保植检工作水平与效率,是现代植保人必须面对与解决的现实而迫切的课题.本文以重庆市秀山县为例,分析了植保植检技术人员年龄老化、队伍能力整体弱化以及经费保障问题、体制问题、管理问题等植保植检工作面临的困局和问题;提出了植保植检法制化、队伍稳定化、职能专业化、技术研究前沿化、技术应用推广适用化与集成化、农作物病虫害防治协作化、装备现代化、投入多元化、宣传培训常态化等植保植检工作新思路.     

遵义市15家县级公立医院补偿现状的实证分析

??????? 目的 通过分析遵义市15所县级公立医院的补偿现状，明确其存在的问题，并提出政策建议。方法 收集了遵义市15家县级医院2007—2011年的相关数据，对其补偿现状进行分析。结果 近年来遵义市对样本医院财政补偿力度加大，但仍存在收入结构不合理、绩效难评价、渠道不够完善等问题。结论 可通过加大补偿力度、调整医院收入结构、加强定量研究、拓宽补偿渠道等途径加以完善。     

Revised estimate of numbers of wintering Red-throated Divers Gavia stellata in Great Britain

Capsule An estimated 17 000 Red-throated Divers winter around Great Britain.

Aim To produce an up-to-date assessment of the numbers of Red-throated Divers wintering around Great Britain.

Methods A revised Great Britain (GB) wintering population estimate for Red-throated Divers was compiled using data primarily from systematic line transect surveys by aircraft over marine nearshore areas conducted during 2001–06, supplemented with county bird records and Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) counts, both from 1995 to 2005. Population estimates for each survey area around GB were calculated as the mean of either annual means (aerial surveys) or annual maxima (WeBS, county bird records) of all data collected within January and February of each year. These were summed to give a revised GB wintering population estimate.

Results A total of 17116 (13198–21034, 95% confidence interval) Red-throated Divers were estimated to winter around GB. Distribution was uneven. By far the greatest numbers were found off southeast and east Britain (59.3% of the total was between Flamborough Head, Yorkshire, and Dungeness, Kent), with large concentrations off the English south coast (10.9%), north Wales and Liverpool Bay (9.8%), and eastern Scotland (6.1%).

Conclusion This is a minimum plausible population estimate and the true population size may be larger. The new 1% of population threshold for statutory conservation work is 170 birds.