壳斗科植物叶绿体基因组结构及变异分析

利用生物信息学方法比较壳斗科6个属14个物种的叶绿体基因组间差异,以近缘物种榛为外类群构建系统进化树,揭示壳斗科叶绿体基因组的结构特征及变异规律。结果显示,14种壳斗科植物的叶绿体基因组均为双链环状分子结构,大小在160 kB左右,差异较小,最大仅差1 366 bp;基因顺序基本一致,而基因数量有所差异,infA、petG、rpl22、ycf1、ycf15等多个基因在部分物种中发生丢失;主要有32个蛋白编码基因长度发生变异,其原因是内含子的丢失、内含子或者编码区的长度改变,华南锥基因长度变异较大;4个IR边界相对保守,但锥栗、Castanea pumila、华南锥3个物种由于边界扩张导致rps19基因部分序列进入到IR区;以榛为外类群构建的系统发育树,各进化支支持率较高,分辨率较好。研究结果表明,叶绿体基因组可以用于分析关系较近与进化较快物种的系统发生问题,为系统发育和进化研究提供依据。     

栓皮栎虫瘿的酚性成分及其生物活性

从栓皮栎（Quercus variabilisBl.）虫瘿中分离了２对平衡互变异构体和４个单体化合物,通过光谱数据和化学方法鉴定：Ｇ－１为１－Ｏ（３′－没食子酰基）没食子酰基－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖和１－Ｏ－（４′－没食子酰基）没食子酰基－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖的平衡互变异构体,Ｇ－２为３－Ｏ－没食子酰基－没食子酸和４－Ｏ－没食子酰基－－没食子酸的平衡互变异构体,-3O一１,６－二－Ｏ没食子酰基－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖,Ｇ－４为１,２,３,６－四－Ｏ－没食子酰基－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖,Ｇ－５为１－Ｏ－没食子酰基－β－Ｄ－葡萄吡喃糖,Ｇ－６为没食子酸甲酯。对Ｇ－１、Ｇ－３和Ｇ－４进行初步的抗肿瘤、抗脂质过氧化和抗血小板聚集活性实验。     

Effect of semiochemicals and trap height on catch of Neocerambyx raddei in Jilin province,China

We conducted experiments in Jilin, China, in 2011 and 2014 in forest stands dominated by mature Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. (Fagaceae) to test the effects of longhorn beetle pheromones, plant volatiles, and trap height on catch of Neocerambyx raddei (Blessig & Solsky) (formerly Massicus raddei) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in traps. Traps captured 276 specimens of N. raddei in 2011 and 379 specimens in 2014 (384 females, 271 males). Ethanol was attractive to female but not male N. raddei. However, N. raddei was not attracted to any of the longhorn beetle pheromones tested, which included racemic 3‐hydroxyhexan‐2‐one, racemic 3‐hydroxyoctan‐2‐one, syn‐2,3‐hexanediols, anti‐2,3‐hexanediols, racemic E,Z‐fuscumol, racemic E,Z‐fuscumol acetate, and monochamol, nor was it attracted to 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol. Traps placed in the tree canopy captured significantly more beetles than did traps in the understorey. Our results suggest that surveys for N. raddei should use ethanol‐baited traps placed in the tree canopy. If sex or aggregation pheromones are identified for N. raddei in the future, we predict that attraction to them will be enhanced by the presence of ethanol.     

Free and bound hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the cutin of Quercus suber leaves

The number of free and bound hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of the cutin of Quercus suber leaves was investigated by the lithium borohydride hydrogenolysis of mesyl-cutin compared with the lithium borohydride hydrogenolysis of untreated cutin. Fifty per cent of the vic-diol groups of the trihydroxy C₁₈ acid component and twenty five per cent of the secondary hydroxyl groups of the dihydroxy C₁₆ acid component are free. The rest of the secondary and all of the primary hydroxyl groups are esterified; all carboxyl groups are esterified.     

Fossil floral and fruit evidence for the evolution of unusual developmental characters in Fagales

Flowers of many living Fagales exhibit unusual developmental characteristics. At anthesis, ovulate flowers have carpels bearing immature orthotropous ovules. After pollination, the ovules increase in size and become anatropous and the ovary enlarges. Simultaneously, the pollen tubes extend from the stigma to the ovules with several phases of growth and quiescence. Finally, after the first fertilization, the remaining ovules abort, resulting in a single‐seeded fruit. Three‐dimensionally preserved potentially fagaceous mesofossil flowers from the Campanian of Massachusetts, USA, provide evidence on the evolution of these characters. The fossils share putative synapomorphies with the Fagales (six tepals, mostly inferior, three‐carpellate ovary with each locule initially containing two pendant ovules, punctate‐rugulate, tricolporate pollen and fruit with a single seed). However, the fossil is bisexual and has nectaries, characters shared with the sister order Cucurbitales, and both lack the fagalean immature orthotropous developmental stage. The fossil shares synapomorphies of an inferior ovary and a single‐seeded indehiscent fruit with both living orders and appears to be transitional. Comparison of ontogenetic changes between the fossil and related fagalean taxa suggests independent stepwise changes in development in which some characters of the modern clades were in place at ～ 75 Myr and others evolved more recently. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168 , 353–376.     

Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Fagaceae)

? Premise of the study: We isolated and characterized polymorphic microsatellite loci in Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Fagaceae), an evergreen broadleaved monoecious tree, to provide tools for analyzing parentage and mating system. ? Methods and Results: Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed and tested in three C. glauca populations. The number of alleles per locus varied from two to 22. The observed and expected heterozygosities within populations were 0.000-0.967 and 0.033-0.949, respectively. ? Conclusions: These polymorphic primers showed high levels of polymorphism within tested populations, and can be used in parentage analysis and mating system estimation of C. glauca.     

Discovery of an oak gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) inducing galls on deciduous oak trees in India

We report for the first time the occurrence of an oak gall wasp Andricus mukaigawae (Mukaigawa) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on the deciduous oak Quercus griffithii Hook. F & Thomson ex Miq. in India. Andricus mukaigawae is the only cynipid species that has been observed to induce galls on deciduous oak species in India to date. In addition, this is the first record of a gall wasp species with a distribution extending all the way from the eastern Palearctic region to the Indian subcontinent, suggesting the existence of a close relationship between cynipid faunas on deciduous oak trees in the two regions.     

An early Oligocene fossil acorn,associated leaves and pollen of the ring‐cupped oaks (Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis) from Maoming Basin,South China

The ring‐cupped oaks (Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis) characterized by united and concentric ring‐cupped acorns, are mainly distributed in broad‐leaved evergreen forests in tropical and subtropical regions of East and Southeast Asia. Their geological history has been traced from the middle Eocene to Pleistocene. Most reports of the subgenus have been on the basis of leaves, whereas the acorns or cupules, more valuable evidence for the inter‐ and intrageneric classifications, have been relatively poorly documented. Here, we describe a new species, Quercus shangcunensis sp. nov., based on a ring‐cupped fossil acorn and pollen on the acorn, as well as Quercus sp. associated leaves, recovered from the early Oligocene Shangcun Formation of Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province, South China. The morphological and anatomical structures of these fossils confirm their attribution to the subg. Cyclobalanopsis. Quercus shangcunensis sp. nov. represents the world's first Oligocene fossil acorn and the earliest fossil acorn in China for the subgenus, indicating that the subg. Cyclobalanopsis arrived in the low latitude area of South China at least by the early Oligocene. Our fossil provides evidence that the subgenus was present in one of its modern distribution centers in the Oligocene, suggesting that the modern distribution patterns of the subg. Cyclobalanopsis most likely originated during or prior to the Oligocene.     

越南壳斗科植物新记录种(英文)

记载了采自越南奠边省的越南新记录种Castanopsis gamblei Hickel et A.Camus。该种与C.jucunda Hance相似,但区别在于中脉在叶上面凸起,侧脉8~12对,壳斗外壁的刺长为1~1.5 cm,壳斗具短柄和坚果被伏毛等,并根据采自越南的标本,提供了C.gamblei的形态特征描述和绘图。