Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genera Ankistrodesmus and Scenedesmus

The 17 Ankistrodesmus strains studied do not produce extracellular amylolytic enzymes. 20 out of 28 Scenedesmus strains, however, are able to hydrolyse starch.The groups of strains previously characterized physiologically and biochemically were assigned to established species of the genera Ankistrodesmus (including Monoraphidium) and Scenedesmus.Abbreviation GC Guanine + cytosine     

Ecological studies of spores of aquatic hyphomycetes in the cringle brook,lincs

The aquatic Hyphomycete spora of the Cringle Brook, Lincs, was examined by foam sampling and by the use of cellophane impaction traps between August, 1968 and January, 1970.The species most frequently found (Tetracladium marchalianum, Alatospora acuminata and Flagellospora curvula) were generally in agreement with those found by other workers in temperate areas. Impaction trap samples generally contained fewer species than foam samples but filiform spore types such as Flagellospora were more frequently found on traps than in foam suggesting that impaction is more selective towards the filiform spore type than is foam. Many species increased in frequency in autumn accompanying and following leaf fall, and the winter spora was dominated by Alatospora acuminata, Clavariopsis aquatica, Clavatospora stellata, Flagellospora curvula and Lemonniera aquatica. During the summer the spora was dominated by Tetracladium marchalianum.The role of foam and impaction in the balance of aquatic spore populations is discussed in relation to techniques available for their study.     

用EDTA法研究镰刀菌胞内、胞外Pb2+的分布特征

【目的】建立一种方便、快捷、相对准确、能够定量地测定镰刀菌细胞内、外Pb2+分布的技术手段。【方法】用EDTA溶液浸泡镰刀菌细胞,使其胞外(表面)Pb2+被螯合、洗脱并测定,之后将被浸泡、清洗过的细胞消解、测铅。【结果】EDTA可以将镰刀菌表面的Pb2+螯合,且在99 min内不损伤镰刀菌细胞;以EDTA为反应介质和滴定剂,XO为指示剂,测定镰刀菌胞内、胞外Pb2+分布是可行的。依据此实验方法,测定了镰刀菌在Pb2+浓度为500 mg/L的培养基中的生长曲线、培养基中Pb2+浓度和细胞内、外Pb2+的含量。【结论】镰刀菌固定Pb2+的过程是先将Pb2+吸附在菌体胞外,之后转运至细胞内部,菌体胞外Pb2+的容纳量是有限的,每克菌体胞外Pb2+饱和吸附量约1.37 mg,通过计算可得,每克菌体用于吸附Pb2+的胞外活性位点约3.97×1018个。     

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: A novel and potential remedy for cutaneous wound healing and regeneration

Poor healing of cutaneous wounds is a common medical problem in the field of traumatology. Due to the intricate pathophysiological processes of wound healing, the use of conventional treatment methods, such as chemical molecule drugs and traditional dressings, have been unable to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Within recent years, explicit evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great therapeutic potentials on skin wound healing and regeneration. However, the direct application of MSCs still faces many challenges and difficulties. Intriguingly, exosomes as cell-secreted granular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane structure and containing specific components from the source cells may emerge to be excellent substitutes for MSCs. Exosomes derived from MSCs (MSC-exosomes) have been demonstrated to be beneficial for cutaneous wound healing and accelerate the process through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include alleviating inflammation, promoting vascularization, and promoting proliferation and migration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Therefore, the application of MSC-exosomes may be a promising alternative to cell therapy in the treatment of cutaneous wounds and could promote wound healing through multiple mechanisms simultaneously. This review will provide an overview of the role and the mechanisms of MSC-derived exosomes in cutaneous wound healing, and elaborate the potentials and future perspectives of MSC-exosomes application in clinical practice.     

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网和血栓形成的研究进展

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网是由DNA骨架、组蛋白、颗粒成分以及胞浆蛋白组成的网状物,它通过捕获致病微生物,抑制其扩散、灭活毒力因子以及清除病原体来发挥抗菌活性,中性粒细胞这种与其经典的趋化、吞噬作用不同的胞外杀菌方式发挥着重要的固有免疫应答作用。然而,中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的产生是一把双刃剑。近年来有研究表明它可以导致凝血异常、刺激血栓形成并为其提供支架,但这一过程的机制并不十分清楚,可能与中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网的促凝活性以及凝血级联反应的激活有关。本文将就中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网及其与血栓形成之间关系的研究进展做一综述。     

A new technique to expand human mesenchymal stem cells using basement membrane extracellular matrix

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) show a very short proliferative life span and readily lose the differentiation potential in culture. However, the growth rate and the proliferative life span of the stem cells markedly increased using tissue culture dishes coated with a basement membrane-like extracellular matrix, which was produced by PYS-2 cells or primary endothelial cells. Furthermore, the stem cells expanded on the extracellular matrix, but not those on plastic tissue culture dishes, retained the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic potential throughout many mitotic divisions. The extracellular matrix had greater effects on the proliferation of MSC and the maintenance of the multi-lineage differentiation potential than basic fibroblast growth factor. Mesenchymal stem cells expanded on the extracellular matrix should be useful for regeneration of large tissue defects and repeated cell therapies, which require a large number of stem or progenitor cells.     

Tumour‐derived exosomes: Tiny envelopes for big stories

The discovery of exosomes, which are small, 30–100 nm sized extracellular vesicles that are released by virtual all cells, has initiated a rapidly expanding and vibrant research field. Current investigations are mainly directed toward the role of exosomes in intercellular communication and their potential value as biomarkers for a broad set of diseases. By horizontal transfer of molecular information such as micro RNAs, messenger RNAs or proteins, as well as by receptor–cell interactions, exosomes are capable to mediate the reprogramming of surrounding cells. Herein, we review how especially cancer cells take advantage of this mechanism to influence their microenvironment in favour of immune escape, therapy resistance, tumour growth and metastasis. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive microarray analysis (n > 1970) to study the expression patterns of genes known to be intimately involved in exosome biogenesis across 26 different cancer entities and a normal tissue atlas. Consistent with the elevated production of exosomes observed in cancer patient plasma, we found a significant overexpression especially of RAB27A, CHMP4C and SYTL4 in the corresponding cancer entities as compared to matched normal tissues. Finally, we discuss the immune‐modulatory and anti‐tumorigenic functions of exosomes as well as innovative approaches to specifically target the exosomal circuits in experimental cancer therapy.     

卵泡刺激素受体FSHR234纳米抗体的分离纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

【背景】卵泡刺激素受体(Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)在人体成熟破骨细胞及单核细胞表面表达,成为阻断卵泡刺激素(FSH)作用的潜在靶点,制备亲和力较高的FSHR抗体已成为靶向治疗FSH相关疾病的切入点。【目的】构建FSHR重组载体获得表达量较高的可溶性蛋白,进一步制备骆驼多克隆抗体及其纳米抗体。【方法】利用XhoⅠ和Bam HⅠ双酶切重组质粒p ET30a-FSHR234,将目的基因fshr构建于p GEX-4T-1载体并进行原核表达,利用Western blot及ELISA检测目的蛋白的配体结合能力。免疫新疆双峰驼制备骆驼多克隆抗体,并利用噬菌体展示技术筛选获得FSHR纳米抗体。细胞免疫化学法检测FSHR抗体在coav-3的表达情况。【结果】构建了pGEX-4T-1-FSHR234重组质粒,获得了表达量较高的FSHR234可溶性蛋白;并构建了5株FSHR纳米抗体,鉴定出一株结合能力较强的纳米抗体,命名为VHH-3F9。【结论】制备的骆驼FSHR多克隆抗体效价达1:128 000,筛选获得的VHH-3F9纳米抗体能与FSHR234具有较高的结合性,且两者均能表达于coav-3细胞表面。     

Characterization of extracellular proteins produced by Aeromonas hydrophila AH-1

Aeromonas hydrophila is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium which can cause motile aeromonad septicemia in both fish and humans. A. hydrophila secretes many extracellular proteins associated with pathogenicity and environmental adaptability. In this study, an extracellular proteome map of A. hydrophila AH-1 was constructed. The major extracellular virulence factors were characterized by comparing the proteomes of various deletion mutants with that of the wild type. The results suggested that serine protease was involved in the processing of a toxin and secreted enzymes such as hemolysin, glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase and metalloprotease. We also showed that expressions of polar and lateral flagellins were under the control of temperature, FlhA, LafK, and RpoN. In addition, three novel proteins (potential effector proteins including one ExoT-like protein) were revealed to be secreted via the type III secretion system (TTSS) of A. hydrophila AH-1. Another novel finding was the demonstration of a crosstalk between the lateral flagellar system and the TTSS in A. hydrophila. These results showed that proteomics is a powerful tool for characterizing virulence factors. The construction of proteome maps will provide a valuable means of finding potential candidates for developing suitable diagnostics and therapeutics for this emerging pathogen.