青海省大果圆柏群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

大果圆柏(Juniperus tibetica)群落是三江源地区主要森林群落之一,在保障中国水生态安全、保育生物多样性和延缓气候变化等方面发挥着重要作用。该研究以青海省果洛州班玛县大果圆柏天然群落为对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,以明确群落的物种组成,以及物种多样性与土壤因子的关系,为大果圆柏群落物种多样性保护和资源植物开发利用提供参考。结果表明：(1)大果圆柏群落内共有植物169种,隶属36科101属,其中菊科(Compositae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)和毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)植物物种最多,分别占总物种的14.20%、13.61%和9.47%。(2)大果圆柏群落的灌、草层物种多样性特征差异显著,草本层的丰富度(2.90)、多样性(2.35)和优势度指数(0.80)均高于灌木层丰富度(1.03)、多样性(1.45)和优势度指数(0.70),而均匀度指数(0.79)低于灌木层(0.89)。(3)0~60 cm土层林地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量及pH均值分别为(87.54±20.32) g·kg^-1、(4.68±1.36) g·kg^-1、(0.83±0.18) g·kg^-1和6.73±0.51。(4)灌木层Margalef指数、Shannon Wiener指数与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);草本层Margalef指数、Shannon Wiener指数与土壤全钾含量呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与土壤pH呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。研究认为,青海省大果圆柏林地土壤有机质、全钾含量和pH是影响群落物种多样性的主导因子。     

贵州省宽阔水国家级自然保护区草本植物区系及物种多样性研究

该研究以宽阔水国家级自然保护区野生草本植物为研究对象,依据不同生境类型共选取10个样地进行调查,分析草本植物物种组成、区系特点及物种多样性的变化规律,为保护区草本植物物种多样性研究提供基础资料。结果表明：(1)样地内共有草本植物58科183属277种(含种下分类单位),以菊科(Asteraceae)、唇形科(Lamiaceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)和荨麻科(Urticaceae)为优势科;以凤仙花属(Impatiens)、堇菜属(Viola)、蓼属(Persicaria)和冷水花属(Pilea)为优势属。(2)在分布区类型中,科的热带分布成分最多,这与保护区所处的中亚热带植被环境的特点相吻合,属的温带地理分布比重最大(61.69%),但温带分布属内含种数较少,均以单种属为主,相反热带分布属的种数较多,并且属级在区系性质的分析中和科级相比更为敏感和可靠;由科和属的性质递变来看,热带性与温带性成分相互渗透,有较明显的过渡特征,属级的地理分布反映出保护区草本植物区系属于亚热带向暖温带过渡分布的性质。(3)各样地中草本植物群落组成有较大的差异,不同样地草本植物群落的α多样性指数与丰富度指数的变化格局不完全一致,但总体变化趋势是一致的,均在样地7的草本植物群落中达到峰值;相异性系数和Cody指数变化格局较为一致,总体呈现上升的趋势;样地8中草本植物多样性指数偏低,受人为干扰因素影响较大。     

中国三种常见蒿属植物潜在地理分布及其主导气候因子

裂叶蒿(Artemisia tanacetifolia)、大籽蒿(Artemisia sieversiana)和艾(Artemisia argyi)是我国常见的蒿属(Artemisia)植物,其分布区域遍布全国。本文利用MaxEnt模型预测3种蒿属植物在当前气候条件以及未来两种气候情景下的潜在分布区。采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)检验模型精度。训练数据和测试数据的AUC值均在0.8以上,表明预测结果可靠性良好。在当前的气候条件下,裂叶蒿最适分布区主要为黄土高原、内蒙古高原和东北平原;大籽蒿的最适分布区为西藏南部谷地、横断山地区、黄土高原、内蒙古高原和东北平原;艾的最适分布区有两个,一个位于台湾岛南部,另一个为大巴山、巫山、云贵高原北部、黄土高原和东北平原南部区域。2070年RCP2.6和RCP8.5情景下,裂叶蒿及大籽蒿的高适宜区面积减小,艾的最适分布区面积增加。Jackknife检验结果表明,年均降水量是预测裂叶蒿分布最有效的气候因子,5月降水是预测大籽蒿分布的最显著的气候因子,8月水汽压对艾的影响最大。本研究结果为蒿属植物资源的合理利用提供了科学依据。     

基于物种多样性与生物量关系的草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应研究进展

全球变暖背景下物种多样性和生物量的空间变化格局及其对温度升高的响应是生态学研究的热点内容,是探究群落稳定性响应全球变暖的关键。物种分布是多个生态过程相互作用的产物,温度升高通过改变群落关键种的作用影响物种多样性,从而改变群落稳定性。关于草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应过程,国内外学者的相关研究存在很大差异。该文作者结合自己研究团队在青藏高原和黄土高原的研究成果,对近年来国内外有关草地群落物种多样性和生物量的空间变化格局及其对温度升高的响应、以及二者的相互作用关系等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了草地群落稳定性对全球变暖响应研究的重点方向。     

长期施肥对黄土高原典型草原群落稳定性的影响及机制研究

施肥是当前草地生态系统最常见的人为干扰方式之一,可导致草地生物多样性和生态系统稳定性发生显著变化。该研究以黄土高原典型草原为研究对象,通过连续8年的氮肥(尿素)野外添加试验,分析不同氮肥处理(分别为0、5、10、20、40和80 g·m^-2)对草地群落稳定性的影响,并分析检验可能影响群落稳定性的四个潜在机制(物种多样性、物种同步性、投资组合效应和优势度),以明确施肥对群落稳定性的影响及其潜在机制,为黄土高原恢复草地的合理利用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)随着施肥水平的增加,群落稳定性(S)降低,并在施肥处理为20 g·m^-2时开始极显著下降(P<0.01)。(2)施肥极显著降低了物种的丰富度(R)和优势度指数(D)(P<0.01),但物种同步性(B)和均值-方差的比例指数(z)并没有发生显著变化(P>0.05)。(3)物种丰富度(R)与群落稳定性(S)之间呈正相关关系,而优势度指数(D)与群落稳定性(S)不相关。研究认为,在人为施肥干扰下,黄土高原典型草原的物种丰富度下降导致群落稳定性下降,表明物种多样性对维持草地群落稳定具有重要作用。     

Genomic data reveal two distinct species from the widespread alpine ginger Roscoea tibetica Batalin (Zingiberaceae)

Species delimitation is a key foundation for exploring biodiversity. However, the existence of continuous phenotypic variation in widespread species challenges accurate species delimitation based on classical taxonomy. In this study, we investigated the cryptic diversity of a widespread herb (Roscoea tibetica Batalin) in a biodiversity hotspot (the Hengduan Mountains, China) using genotyping by sequencing, examining morphological traits, developing species distribution models, and simulating demographic history. Phylogenomic reconstruction, principal component analysis, and genetic structure inferences indicated that previously reported R. tibetica comprised two monophyletic lineages with a deep divergence. Several morphological diagnostic characteristics were discovered from field and common garden that corresponded to these independent evolutionary lineages. Species distribution models illustrated significant ecological divergence between both lineages. All evidence strongly supported that R. tibetica, as described in previous taxonomy, actually comprises two distinct species. Model test of gene flow and effective population size changes in fastsimcoal2, and a negative Tajima's D-value suggested that recent contact likely occurred between the two lineages. Our results proposed that cryptic diversity in previously reported R. tibetica was possibly associated with phenotypic plasticity in heterogeneous environments and morphological convergence in similar habitats. This study suggests that caution should be exercised when attempting to gain biological insight into species with large-scale morphological variation, and species delimitation should be done in advance.     

Geoclimatic factors influence the population genetic connectivity of Incarvillea arguta (Bignoniaceae) in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains biodiversity hotspot

Geoclimatic factors related to the uplift of the Himalaya and the Quaternary climatic oscillations influence the population genetic connectivity in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains (HHM) biodiversity hotspot. Therefore, to explore the relative roles played by these two factors, we examined the population dynamics and dispersal corridors of Incarvillea arguta (Royle) Royle incorporating ensemble species distribution modelling (SDM). Thirty‐seven populations were genotyped using plastid chloroplast DNA and low copy nuclear gene (ncpGS) sequences. Phylogeographic analysis was carried out to reveal the genetic structure and lineage differentiation. Ensemble SDMs were carried out for distributional change in the last glacial maximum, present, and future. Finally, the least cost path method was used to trace out possible dispersal corridors. The haplotypes were divided into four clades with strong geographical structure. The late Miocene origin of I. arguta in the western Himalaya ca. 7.92 Ma indicates lineage diversification related to the uplift of the HHM. The variability in habitat connectivity revealed by SDM is due to change in suitability since the Pleistocene. A putative dispersal corridor was detected along the drainage systems and river valleys, with strong support in the eastern Hengduan Mountains group. Our results support the signature of geoclimatic influence on population genetic connectivity of I. arguta in the HHM. We proposed that the major drainage systems might have assisted the rapid dispersal of isolated riverine plant species I. arguta in the HHM. The population genetic connectivity, using the fine‐tuned ensemble SDMs, enables scientists and policymakers to develop conservation strategies for the species gene pool in the HHM biodiversity hotspots.     

Congruent spatial patterns of species richness and phylogenetic diversity in karst flora: Case study of Primulina (Gesneriaceae)

The karst landform in southern China is renowned for its high levels of species diversity and endemism. Globally, karst ecosystems are under threat from unsustainable anthropogenic disturbance and climate changes and are among the most threatened ecosystems worldwide. In this study, we used the typical karst endemic genus in southern China, Primulina Hance, as a model to identify areas within the karst landform with high diversity and to investigate congruence between phylogenetic and species‐based measures of diversity. Using phylogenetic information and species distribution data, we measured geographical patterns of diversity with four metrics: species richness (SR), corrected weighted endemism (CWE), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and phylogenetic endemism (PE). Our results revealed a high spatial congruence among SR, PD, and PE, with hotspot areas identified in the Nanling Mountains (i.e., north Guangdong and northeast Guangxi) and southeast Yungui Plateau (i.e., north and southwest Guangxi), whereas the hotspots of CWE are comparatively uniform throughout the geographic extent. The categorical analysis of neo‐ and paleoendemism identified a pattern of mixed neo‐ and paleoendemism in numerous grid cells, suggesting that karst areas in southern China have acted as both “museums” and “cradles” of plant evolution. Conservation gap analysis of hotspots revealed that the majority of prioritized hotspots (>90%) of the genus are outside of protected areas, therefore indicating the limited effectiveness of national nature reserves for the karst flora. Overall, our results suggest that the karst flora merits more conservation attention and SR can be an effective surrogate to capture PD in conservation planning.     

The protective effect of sulforaphane against oxidative stress in granulosa cells of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) through activation of AMPK/AKT/NRF2 signaling pathway

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in granulosa cells (GCs) causes oxidative stress (OS) and plays a role in pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Sulforaphane (SFN) has received a great deal of attention as potent antioxidant because of its ability to induce expression of antioxidant enzymes through nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway. Therefore, the present study was done to investigate the protective effect of SFN against OS in granulosa-lutein cells (GLCs) of patients with PCOS through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/AKT/NRF2 signaling pathway. GLCs were isolated from patients with PCOS and healthy fertile women, as control group, during egg retrieval procedure. Level of intracellular ROS and apoptosis was determined in the isolated cells. For investigating the protective effect of SFN against ROS production and apoptosis in GLCs, the cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence or absence of SFN. Finally, expression of AMPK, AKT, and NRF2 proteins and genes was evaluated by western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. The results indicated the increased ROS and apoptosis levels in GLCs isolated from patients with PCOS compared to the control group. Addition of SFN to culture medium of GLCs of patients with PCOS reduced intracellular ROS and apoptosis levels, and increased expression of AMPK, AKT, and NRF2 proteins and genes. Our findings demonstrated the protective effect of SFN against OS by lowering level of ROS and apoptosis possibly through activation of AMPK, AKT, and NRF2 proteins and genes expression.     

中国亚热带锈菌补记

描述了无性型锈菌新种龙眼夏孢锈菌Uredo longan;对荔枝翼孢锈菌Skierka nephelii补述了冬孢子阶段并指定了附加模式;报道了中国新记录刚果盾锈菌Uredopeltis congensis;新组合了克莱门斯层锈菌Phakopsora clemensiae comb. nov.和马唐层锈菌Phakopsora digitariae comb. nov.。引证的标本采自我国台湾、广东、海南、四川等亚热带地区,均保存于中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。