南岭大东山长柄双花木群落物种组成与种群结构特征分析

采用样方法以及用基径结构代替年龄结构的方法,对位于南岭大东山不同海拔的3个长柄双花木(Disanthus cercidifolius var.longipes Chang)样带(包括小洞、大洞和鸡子场样带,海拔分别为1 010、1 170和1 260 m)进行了调查,并编制了种群静态生命表和生存曲线,对其群落物种组成、种群年龄结构和生殖力现状进行了分析。结果显示:3个样带群落乔木层优势种数量及种类组成差异明显,共包含26个种类,但共有种仅3种,除长柄双花木外还有多花杜鹃(Rhododendron cavaleriei Lévl.)和两广杨桐(Adinandra glischroloma Hand.-Mazz.)2种;小洞样带长柄双花木种群的重要值(46.116%)明显高于另2个样带。根据基径可将长柄双花木种群分为68个龄级,3个样带的种群年龄结构基本一致,但小洞样带个体数量更多且基径31.0 mm以下的幼体所占比例最高;总体上长柄双花木种群中5 a以下的幼苗数量偏少,其他龄级的个体数量呈现随株龄增大波动但整体下降的趋势。种群的个体死亡率在5~10 a和10~15 a龄级较高(分别为20.30%和20.50%),并随年龄增长总体呈逐渐下降的趋势;且不同龄级个体生命期望值为4.49~0.50,总体偏低。种群生存曲线为Ⅰ型,种群净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率和世代平均周期分别为0.504、-0.018、0.982和38.351 a,显示该种群在当前状态下自我更新不良,属缓慢的负增长型种群。根据研究结果,对该区域长柄双花木种群提出了相应的保护对策和建议。     

Seasonal occurrence of Aphis glycines and physiological responses of soybean plants to its feeding

The soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura （Hemiptera： Aphididae） is an important pest of soybean in China. To monitor and manage this pest effectively it is neces-sary to understand its population dynamics and demographics, as well as the physiological responses of soybean plants to its feeding. In this study, using field surveying and suction-trap monitoring, we investigated the population dynamics of the soybean aphid in Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province in northeastern China during 2009-2012. The results indicatedthat the population dynamics of the soybean aphid followed a unimodal curve distribution, with the insect generally colonizing soybean fields from the middle of June to early Julyand the population reaching a peak between early July and early August. On the whole, soybean aphids occurred in suction-traps at least 2 weeks earlier than they were foundin field surveys. A total of 72 alates were collected by suction-trapping over the 4 years, with the earliest alate captures occurring on 28 May in 2009, 2011, 2012 and 4 June in 2010. The life table parameters clearly showed that this aphid had a short doubling time （4.73 ± 0.21 days）, and 7.36± 0.98 nymphs were produced by a soybean aphid adult during its lifetime （13.57 ± 0.30 days）. Finally, biochemical assays indicated that the amount of malondialdehyde and the activities of four defense-related enzymes in soybean leavessignificantly changed between 0 day and 7 days of aphid infestation. Polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and catalase （CAT） activities increased more dramatically after 1 day of aphid feed-ing. In addition, significantly higher levels of superoxide dismutase and CAT were found after aphid feeding for 7 days, whereas there was no significant change in the activitiesof peroxidase and PPO. Consequently, this study will be beneficial in determining the seasonal occurrence of the soybean aphid and selecting insect-resistant soybean varieties,and thus in developing a theoretical framework for appropriate management strategies.     

Potential impact of harvesting on the population dynamics of two epiphytic bromeliads

Large numbers of epiphytes are extracted from cloud forests for ornamental use and illegal trade in Latin America. We examined the potential effects of different harvesting regimes on the population dynamics of the epiphytic bromeliads Tillandsia multicaulis and Tillandsia punctulata. The population dynamics of these species were studied over a 2-year period in a tropical montane cloud forest in Veracruz, Mexico. Prospective and retrospective analyses were used to identify which demographic processes and life-cycle stages make the largest relative contribution to variation in population growth rate (λ). The effect of simulated harvesting levels on population growth rates was analysed for both species. λ of both populations was highly influenced by survival (stasis), to a lesser extent by growth, and only slightly by fecundity. Vegetative growth played a central role in the population dynamics of these organisms. The λ value of the studied populations did not differ significantly from unity: T. multicaulis λ (95% confidence interval) = 0.982 (0.897–1.060) and T. punctulata λ = 0.967 (0.815–1.051), suggesting population stability. However, numerical simulation of different levels of extraction showed that λ would drop substantially even under very low (2%) harvesting levels. Matrix analysis revealed that T. multicaulis and T. punctulata populations are likely to decline and therefore commercial harvesting would be unsustainable. Based on these findings, management recommendations are outlined.     

A synthesis of methane emissions from 71 northern,temperate, and subtropical wetlands

Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane. Here, we assess controls on methane flux using a database of approximately 19 000 instantaneous measurements from 71 wetland sites located across subtropical, temperate, and northern high latitude regions. Our analyses confirm general controls on wetland methane emissions from soil temperature, water table, and vegetation, but also show that these relationships are modified depending on wetland type (bog, fen, or swamp), region (subarctic to temperate), and disturbance. Fen methane flux was more sensitive to vegetation and less sensitive to temperature than bog or swamp fluxes. The optimal water table for methane flux was consistently below the peat surface in bogs, close to the peat surface in poor fens, and above the peat surface in rich fens. However, the largest flux in bogs occurred when dry 30‐day averaged antecedent conditions were followed by wet conditions, while in fens and swamps, the largest flux occurred when both 30‐day averaged antecedent and current conditions were wet. Drained wetlands exhibited distinct characteristics, e.g. the absence of large flux following wet and warm conditions, suggesting that the same functional relationships between methane flux and environmental conditions cannot be used across pristine and disturbed wetlands. Together, our results suggest that water table and temperature are dominant controls on methane flux in pristine bogs and swamps, while other processes, such as vascular transport in pristine fens, have the potential to partially override the effect of these controls in other wetland types. Because wetland types vary in methane emissions and have distinct controls, these ecosystems need to be considered separately to yield reliable estimates of global wetland methane release.     

九连山常绿阔叶林乔木优势种群的种间关联性分析

九连山国家级自然保护区分布着原生的典型常绿阔叶林, 且已形成不同的优势群落, 目前尚不清楚群落乔木层中优势物种之间的作用关系。采用2×2联列表, 通过方差分析, χ²检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验, 对九连山常绿阔叶林乔木层中重要值较高的28个优势种群、378个种对间的关联性进行定量研究。方差分析表明: 28个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈显著的正关联, 反映该群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段。不同检验结果表明: χ²检验结果有140个种对呈正相关, 238个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.588; Pearson相关系数检验有104个种对呈正相关, 274个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.380; Spearman秩相关系数检验有144个种对呈正相关, 234个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.615; 与Pearson相关系数检验方法相比, Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。378个种对中, 绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平, 种对间的独立性相对较强, 这种种间联结的松散性可能与群落目前的发展阶段及物种本身的生态学特性有关, 各群落正处于稳定的顶极阶段。根据28个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素, 可将它们划分为阳生植物和阴生植物两大生态种组。     

华北棉区各代棉铃虫生命表及南北棉铃虫发生特征研究

通过对以河北饶阳为代表的华北棉区棉铃虫动态的研究,建立了各代棉铃虫自然种群生命表．结果表明,华北棉区第l-4代棉铃虫总死亡率分别为98．3％、98．34％;98.69%和9.13%,各代棉铃虫种群的趋势指数I值分别为3.97、1.50、1.41和1.09.与以江苏南通为代表的南方棉区生命表参数相比较发现,无论是在南方还是在北方,棉铃虫的存活率曲线都属于A型曲线,即卵至2龄期死亡率较大,3龄以后死亡率较小的凹型曲线。南方棉区棉铃虫消亡的关键因子是风雨冲刷作用,而北方则是天敌的捕食作用;南北棉区的棉铃虫孵化期为1龄期,易受不良环境的影响,死亡率较大,为关键虫期;北方棉区主要危害世代是2、3代棉铃虫,南方棉区为3、4代棉铃虫,由此讨论了南北棉区各世代棉铃虫的发生危害特点。     

不同寄主植物上灰飞虱种群生命表的比较

为比较不同寄主植物上灰飞虱种群发展趋势,通过室内实验,组建了灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallèn在武育粳3号、盐稻8号、徐稻3号、Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优42、扬麦12、稗草和千金子这8种寄主植物上的实验种群生命表;通过田间调查,比较了粳稻武运粳7号和籼稻Ⅱ优084上灰飞虱自然种群发生动态。不同寄主植物上灰飞虱实验种群生命表的比较结果表明,灰飞虱的若虫发育历期在稗草上最短,其次为扬麦12和粳稻上,而在杂交籼稻Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优42和杂草千金子上的发育历期长达近30 d;灰飞虱在稗草上的种群趋势指数亦最高,为45.57,其次为粳稻品种盐稻8号（39.36）、徐稻3号（34.54）和武育粳3号(31.70)上,其中盐稻8号与稗草上无显著差异;杂交稻Ⅱ优084和Ⅱ优42上灰飞虱的种群趋势指数显著低于粳稻上的;而灰飞虱在千金子上的种群趋势指数最低,仅为11.04。大田调查则表明,一定时期粳稻武运粳7号上灰飞虱种群个体数量显著高于籼稻Ⅱ优084上。研究表明灰飞虱的适宜寄主植物依次为稗草、粳稻品种和小麦。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区封禁30年前后狼牙刺种群动态研究

以荒草坡为对照,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区阳坡、半阳坡和半阴坡3个生境条件下经30年封禁后的狼牙刺种群动态进行系统研究,分析了种群的年龄结构、分布格局,编制了静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线. 结果表明,黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同生境自然恢复的狼牙刺种群年龄结构均属于进展型,幼龄个体多,老龄个体少,其中以半阳坡种群密度最大,不同坡向狼牙刺种群的存活曲线均接近于DeeveyⅡ型.种群分布格局总体上呈聚集型,随年龄增加聚集强度增加.影响狼牙刺群落恢复和种群生长的环境因素主要是水分因子和光照因子.狼牙刺种群恢复状况良好,说明封禁措施是有效的.     

不同桑树品种上朱砂叶螨实验种群内禀增长率的统计推断

为了正确地评价不同桑树品种上朱砂叶螨为害差异,本文通过使用Jackknife方法(刀切法),采用合适的生殖力生命表构建方法,对朱砂叶螨实验种群在不同的4个桑树品种上生殖力表的内禀增长率进行了统计推断。结果表明,温度为28±1℃、相对湿度75%±10%、光周期16L∶8D的条件下,西农6071 (山桑 Morus bombycis Koidz.,2x)、和田白桑 (白桑 M. alba Linne, 3x)、新一之濑 (白桑 M. alba Linne, 2x)和大石(广东桑 M. atropurpurea Roxb., 3x) 4个桑树品种上朱砂叶螨r_m值大小依次为0.41894（0.41043～0.42746）、0.37065（0.36604～0.37526）、0.36171（0.35778～0.36563）和0.35253（0.34757～0.35748）。通过对“伪值”样本同秩的成对t检验比较,这4个桑树品种对朱砂叶螨内禀增长率的影响有显著差异。结果说明朱砂叶螨对4种桑树的易感性,以西农6071、和田白桑、新一之濑、大石顺序渐弱。