196份葡萄属(Vitis L.)种质资源耐热性评价

以国家果树种质郑州葡萄圃保存的196份代表性葡萄属种质为试材,利用叶绿素荧光参数法对其耐热性进行了鉴定评价。结果表明:196份葡萄属植物的耐热性叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm数值在0.0792~0.6836之间,品种间抗性存在差异,耐热性服从正态分布,表现为多基因控制的数量性状。利用有序样品最优分割聚类法,将其耐热性分为弱、中、强3种类型,叶绿素荧光参数分级阈值分别对应≤0.3、(0.3,0.5]、0.5,利用该分级标准筛选出了腺枝葡萄双溪03、刺葡萄梅岭山1301、菱叶葡萄0945和和田绿葡萄等48份耐热性强的葡萄种质,起源于我国的野生葡萄耐热性整体上高于其他类群或品种。研究结果对于利用抗性亲本选育耐热葡萄新品种和葡萄抗热机理研究具有参考意义。     

Inhibition of NADPH oxidase alleviates germ cell apoptosis and ER stress during testicular ischemia reperfusion injury

Testicular torsion and detorsion (TTD) is a serious urological condition affecting young males that is underlined by an ischemia reperfusion injury (tIRI) to the testis as the pathophysiological mechanism. During tIRI, uncontrolled production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) causes DNA damage leading to germ cell apoptosis (GCA). The aim of the study is to explore whether inhibition of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a major source of intracellular ROS, will prevent tIRI-induced GCA and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were divided into three groups: sham, tIRI only and tIRI treated with apocynin (a NOX inhibitor). Rats undergoing tIRI endured an ischemic injury for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Spermatogenic damage was evaluated histologically, while cellular damages were assessed using real time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and biochemical assays. Disrupted spermatogenesis was associated with increased lipid and protein peroxidation and decreased antioxidant activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a result of tIRI. In addition, increased DNA double strand breaks and formation of 8-OHdG adducts associated with increased phosphorylation of the DNA damage response (DDR) protein H2AX. The ASK1/JNK apoptosis signaling pathway was also activated in response to tIRI. Finally, increased immuno-expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) downstream targets: GRP78, eIF2-α1, CHOP and caspase 12 supported the presence of ER stress. Inhibition of NOX by apocynin protected against tIRI-induced GCA and ER stress. In conclusion, NOX inhibition minimized tIRI-induced intracellular oxidative damages leading to GCA and ER stress.     

In silico profiling of analgesic and antihyperglycemic effects of ethanolic leaves extract of Amischotolype mollissima: Evidence from in vivo studies

The aim of this study is to assess the antioxidative profile and related pharmacological potentialities of the ethanolic extract of Amischotolype mollissima leaves, traditionally used in treating pain, injury, malarial fever, epilepsy and hyperacidity, followed by a computational approach for the analysis of bioactive compounds identified by GC–MS. In GC–MS analysis, the extract yielded ten compounds, with 4,6-di-t-butyl-2-alpha-methyl benzyl phenol having the highest amount. In vitro investigation of the antioxidative properties of the plant was conducted with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. The amounts of secondary metabolites phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were measured at 142 mg GAE/g, 534 mg QE/g, and 110 mg GAE/g, respectively. An acute toxicity study was carried out on mice, which revealed no toxicity up to the dosage of 4000 mg/kg bw. For the dosages of extract at 250 and 500 mg/kg bw, the writhing response test induced by acetic acid exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.05) analgesic effect in mice. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity assay were used to examine the antihyperglycemic potential, in which the extract reduced the blood glucose level to 6.22 mmol/l and 3.82 mmol/l, at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw, respectively at 60 min in OGTT even though no activity was observed in the α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay. In an antibacterial assay, the extract's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus was determined to be 8, 16, and 8 µg/ml, respectively. This study shows that the usage of A. mollissima leaves in folklore medication is justified.     

Synthesis and evaluation of biaryl derivatives for structural characterization of selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors toward Parkinson’s disease therapy

Benzyloxyphenyl moiety is a common structure of highly potent, selective and reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), safinamide and sembragiline. We synthesized 4-(benzyloxy)phenyl and biphenyl-4-yl derivatives including halogen substituents on the terminal aryl unit. In addition, we modified the carbon linker between amine group and the biaryl linked unit. Among synthesized compounds, 12c exhibited the most potent and selective MAO-B inhibitory effect (hMAO-B IC₅₀: 8.9?nM; >10,000-fold selectivity over MAO-A) as a competitive inhibitor. In addition, 12c showed greater MAO-B inhibitory activity and selectivity compared to well-known MAO-B inhibitors such as selegiline, safinamide and sembragiline. In the MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), 12c significantly protected the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunopositive DAergic neurons and attenuated the PD-associated behavioral deficits. This study suggests characteristic structures as a MAO-B inhibitor that may provide a good insight for the development of therapeutic agents for PD.     

Performance of pairwise shape dissimilarity morphometrics on nonmammalian taxa (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mantispidae)

Morphometric dissimilarity metrics aim to quantify the variation between compared specimens such that inferences about their relatedness and alpha taxonomy can be made. Recently, the technique has developed metrics that purport to quantify shape dissimilarity between specimens—employing the use of least squares regression analysis. These metrics have been well applied by studies in the hominin fossil record with an arguably unsubstantiated backing for the technique. Originally postulated was the log₁₀ se_m metric which subsequently led to the standard error test of the null hypothesis metric. Following this, the standard deviation of logged ratios (S_LR) metric arose as a pairwise dissimilarity metric that constrains the regression to a zero‐intercept, that is, a significant development in the robustness of the technique. This metric was tested on extant primates in order to evaluate its effectiveness alongside the two other metrics. It was shown to be the most reliable for comparisons between specimens of primates, but was unable to discriminate between heterospecific and conspecific comparisons. Arguably, an alternative model organism with which to compare the technique is lacking. This study considers shape dissimilarity metrics with respect to a group of nonmammalian organisms (mantidflies) and tests the metrics against three lines of evidence (morphology, CO1‐DNA, and geographic distribution) that can delimit the species‐level taxonomy for the group. It is shown that the metrics are unable to discriminate between pairwise comparisons of closely related species, resulting in biologically erroneous groupings, and contradicting the groupings derived from morphological, CO1‐DNA, and distributional comparisons. It is thus asserted that the technique is unsuitable for use in alpha taxonomy as an additional line of evidence in mantidflies. It is further supposed that morphometrics in general should be employed with caution in studies of evolutionary history as phylogeny is not the only information contained within morphometric data. J. Morphol. 276:1482–1494, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

天然毛竹林竞争空间关系分析

以浙江天目山天然毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)林为研究对象, 在毛竹林样地测量和调查的基础上, 利用地理信息系统和空间分析方法, 从天然毛竹林生存竞争的微观视角, 研究毛竹林生存竞争的空间自相关分布特征、竞争强度与毛竹密度和年龄的关系、竞争强度各向异性及与其所在样地坡向间的关系。研究结果发现: 毛竹林竞争呈现出空间自相关的特征, 竞争强度呈现出高与高、低与低集聚生长的特点; 天然毛竹林的空间分布密度与竞争强度呈现出正相关的趋势, 高强度竞争区域的毛竹密度显著大于低强度竞争区域的密度; 年龄在不同竞争强度区域的分布具有差异, 分布在低强度竞争区域上的毛竹年龄显著低于中、高强度竞争区域的年龄; 生长在中、高强度竞争区域上的毛竹年龄之间没有显著差异; 天然毛竹林竞争强度呈现出各向异性的特点且与其所在坡向相互垂直, 垂直于坡向方向上的竞争强度高于平行于坡向方向的竞争强度。通过研究表明, 空间分析方法能够有效地应用于研究天然毛竹林的生长规律, 为毛竹的合理经营与采伐提供指导意义。     

降钙素原与APACHEⅡ评分对急性胰腺炎病情严重程度及预后的评估价值

目的:探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)与急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分(APACHE Ⅱ)对急性胰腺炎(AP)患者病情严重程度及预后的评估价值。方法:选取本院2012年5月-2015年5月收治的急性胰腺炎患者280例为研究对象。根据急性胰腺炎患者病情严重程度将其分为低危组(83例)、中危组(102例)和高危组(95例);按患者临床结局将其分为存活组(248例)及死亡组(32例),采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测各组血清PCT水平同时记录APACHE Ⅱ评分情况,分别比较PCT水平的差异以及与APACHE Ⅱ评分的相关性,评价血清PCT及APACHEⅡ评分对急性胰腺炎患者病情严重程度及预后的评估价值。结果:低危组、中危组及高危组间血清PCT水平和APACHE Ⅱ评分的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。其中,高危组血清PCT水平和APACHE Ⅱ评分最高,中危组次之,低危组最低(P0.05);死亡组PCT水平及APACHE Ⅱ评分显著高于存活组(P0.05)。相关性分析显示血清PCT水平与APACHE Ⅱ评分呈正相关(r=0.64,P0.01)。以PCT2.13 ng/m L为评估急性胰腺炎患者预后不佳界限时,其敏感性和特异性分别79.2%和91.3%;以APACHE Ⅱ评分18.1分为评估急性胰腺炎患者预后不佳界限时,其敏感性和特异性分别为82.7%和90.1%;两者指标串联评估敏感性及特异性分别为86.1%和92.9%,ROC曲线下面积为0.921(95%CI 0.824~0.938)。结论:急性胰腺炎患者血清PCT水平和APACHE Ⅱ评分具有较好的相关性,血清PCT水平越高,APACHEⅡ评分越高,患者病情越严重及预后也越差,二者联合可作为预测急性胰腺炎患者病情严重程度及预后的敏感指标,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

国外引进优良黄麻种质生物学鉴定与利用

通过对从国外引进的12份黄麻优异种质进行3年的生物学鉴定,结果表明：引进种质大多为晚熟、绿茎、有腋芽,披针或卵圆形叶,生长较整齐。其中O—4叶片蜡质含量明显高于我国品种;O-5叶柄紧贴主茎。短光照处理未发现对光不敏感品种,但分期播种未见早花现象。所有品种在我国黄麻主产区均能正常生长与收获纤维,但晚熟品种只能在华南麻区才可收获成熟种子。     

Transport and metabolism of l-lactate occur in mitochondria from cerebellar granule cells and are modified in cells undergoing low potassium dependent apoptosis

Having confirmed that externally added l-lactate can enter cerebellar granule cells, we investigated whether and how l-lactate is metabolized by mitochondria from these cells under normal or apoptotic conditions.

(1)

l-lactate enters mitochondria, perhaps via an l-lactate/H⁺ symporter, and is oxidized in a manner stimulated by ADP. The existence of an l-lactate dehydrogenase, located in the inner mitochondrial compartment, was shown by immunological analysis. Neither the protein level nor the K_m and V_max values changed en route to apoptosis.

(2)

In both normal and apoptotic cell homogenates, externally added l-lactate caused reduction of the intramitochondrial pyridine cofactors, inhibited by phenylsuccinate. This process mirrored l-lactate uptake by mitochondria and occurred with a hyperbolic dependence on l-lactate concentrations. Pyruvate appeared outside mitochondria as a result of external addition of l-lactate. The rate of the process depended on l-lactate concentration and showed saturation characteristics. This shows the occurrence of an intracellular l-lactate/pyruvate shuttle, whose activity was limited by the putative l-lactate/pyruvate antiporter. Both the carriers were different from the monocarboxylate carrier.

(3)

l-lactate transport changed en route to apoptosis. Uptake increased in the early phase of apoptosis, but decreased in the late phase with characteristics of a non-competitive like inhibition. In contrast, the putative l-lactate/pyruvate antiport decreased en route to apoptosis with characteristics of a competitive like inhibition in early apoptosis, and a mixed non-competitive like inhibition in late apoptosis.