Substance P and enkephalin in transected axons of medulla and spinal cord

The accumulation of transported materials in cut axons is demonstrated by the light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of substance P and enkephalin in the caudal medulla and cervical spinal cord of adult rat. Two days following unilateral knife-cuts in the caudal medulla or spinal (C2-C3) levels, substance P and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (SPLI and ELI) are detected in lesioned axons located rostral and caudal to the transection. Rostrally, SPLI and ELI are detected in the lateral reticular region and ventrolateral fasciculus corresponding to the location of previously identified bulbospinal pathways. Caudally, previously unidentified, propriospinal pathways showing SPLI are detected in the dorsal columns and in the dorsolateral fasciculus. In contrast, ELI is found caudal to the transection only in the reticular region of the medulla. For both peptides, immunoreactivity is present throughout axons containing numerous large, dense core, and small clear vesicles. These results support the concept of both particulate and soluble modes of transport for substance P and enkephalin within axons of the central nervous system.     

Localization of Glyoxylate Cycle Enzymes in Glyoxysomes in Euglena*

SYNOPSIS. We demonstrated previously microbodies in Euglena gracilis grown in the dark on 2-carbon substrates. We have now established in Euglena the particulate nature of enzymes known in other organisms to be localized in microbodies (glyoxysomes and leaf peroxisomes). On a linear sucrose gradient the glyoxylate cycle enzymes band together at a nigner equilibrium density (1.20 g/cm3) than mitochondrial marker enzymes (1.17 g/cm3), establishing the existence in Euglena of glyoxysomes similar to those of higher plants. Glyoxylate (hydroxypyruvate) reductase and, under certain conditions, also glycolate dehydrogenase co-band with the glyoxylate cycle enzymes, suggesting that Euglena glyoxysomes, like those of higher plants, may contain peroxisomal-type enzymes. Catalase, an enzyme characteristic of microbodies from a variety of sources, was not detected in Euglena.     

Growth ofDiacrisia obliqua [Lep.: Arctiidae] with low doses ofBacillus thuringiensis var.Kurstaki

Early 3rd instarDiacrisia obliqua Walk. larvae were treated with concentrations ofBacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki (Dipel^®) and the growth of treated larvae was assessed. All the doses reduced significantly the weight and survival of the insects (p<0.001).     

黑蛋巢菌属新种和新变种

本文报道了黑蛋巢菌属Cyathus四个新种和二个新变种,它们分别是:内蒙黑蛋巢菌Cyathus neimonggolensis Liu et Y.M.Li,盘柄黑蛋巢菌C.discostipltatus Liu et Y.M.Li,太原黑蛋巢菌C.taiyuanensis Liu et Y.M.Li,毛被黑蛋巢菌C.hirtulus Liu et Y.M.Li,天山黑蛋巢毛被变种C.tianshanensis Liu et Cao var.tomentosus Liu, Cao et Y.M.Li,环状黑蛋巢武夷山变种 C. annulatus Brodie var. wuyishanensis Liu et Y.M.Li。全部模式标本均保存在山西大学真菌标本室。     

毛木耳一新变种

本文报道了发现于河北省石家庄地区的木耳科(Auricualariaceae)、木耳属(Auricu-laria)毛木耳的一个白色变种。其色泽如银耳故命名银白木耳[A．Polytricha(Mont.)Sacc. Var．Argentca D．Z．Zhao et C．J．Waag var．Nov．]是经济价值高、可供进一步开发应用的食用菌新菌种。通过三代五次人工驯化培养,生物性状稳定,颜色纯白,朵大肉厚,外观美丽,并具有抗木霉、耐高温,生物效率高等特点。     

Response of pondcypress growth rates to sewage effluent application

Cores were collected from dominant pondcypress trees growing in a swamp that had received sewage effluent for 7 yr and a nearby control swamp to determine the combined effects of changes in nutrient supply and hydrologic regime on tree growth. The cores were used to measure two indices of tree growth: basal area increment (BAI) and relative basal area increment (RBAI, which accounts for differences in growth due to the size of teh tree) between 1970–1983 while one swamp remained untreated and the other received weekly additions of sewage effluent from 1974–1981. Throughout the whole period, the mean BAI and RBAI of pond-cypress trees in the untreated swamp remained unchanged, ranging between 5.55–6.38 cm² yr^–1 and 1.09–1.27% yr^–1, respectively. In contrast, trees in the treated swamp increased their BAI approximately two-fold from 7.40 cm² yr^–1 prior to treatment to 14.83 cm² yr^–1 after the onset of treatment and maintained this rate of growth in the 2 yr period after cessation of treatment. Relative basal area increment showed a similar response, but the proportional increase due to treatment was less (1.5-fold factor) than for BAI. The response of pondcypress trees to the sewage effluent differed depending upon whether the trees were located in the deep or shallow water zones. Trees in the deep zone of the treated swamp had lower BAIs and RBAIs than those in the shallow zone during the treatment period, whereas in pre- and post-treatment periods growth indices were equal in both zones. No significant differences in growth between deep and shallow zones were observed during all three time periods in the control swamp.     

中国茶藨子属(虎耳草科)新植物

<正> 灌木,高约2米。小枝微弯曲,黑褐色,无毛。冬芽长卵圆形。叶片呈不等的五角形,长7—13匣米,宽8—16厘米,先端长渐尖,基部深心形,边缘有不等重锯齿,上面深绿色,散生硬毛,下面淡绿色,沿脉被短柔毛,主脉和侧脉均突起;叶柄长5—9.5厘米,近无毛。总状花序,下垂,花梗长3—4毫米,和总花梗均被短柔毛,常混生星状毛。果实长圆形,红色,直径约6毫米;萼片宿存,反折,近无毛。     

Nutrients and mass in litter and top soil of ten tropical tree plantations

The importance of litter to nutrient and organic matter storage and the possible influence of species selection on soil fertility in ten stands each consisting of a separate tree species were examined in this study. The plantations had been grown under similar conditions in an arboretum in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. The species involved were: Anthocephalus chinensis, Eucalyptus × patentinervis, E. saligna, Hernandia sonora, Hibiscus elatus, Khaya nyasica, Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, P. elliottii var. densa, Swietenia macrophylla, and Terminalia ivorensis. After 26 yr, litter mass ranged from 5 mg ha^-1 in the H. sonora stand to 27.2 Mg ha^-1 in the P. caribaea stand. Nutrients in the litter (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) also varied widely, but stands were ranked in different order when ranked by nutrients in the litter than then ranked according to accumulation of mass. Only E. saligna and A. chinensis stands were ranked similarly in accumulation of both nutrients and mass, and the stand of H. elatus was ranked higher with respect to nutrient accumulation than to accumulation of mass. The nutrient concentration in standing leaf litter generally increased in the order of recently fallen <old intact< fragmented. Nutrient concentration of standing leaf litter appears to increase with age and depth in the litter layer. The amount of nutrients stored in the litter compartment of these plantations was in the same order of magnitude as the quantity of available nutrients in the top 10-cm of mineral soil. Total litter mass was negatively correlated with the mass-weighted concentration of N, K, and Mg. The same relationship was found for Ca in the leaf litter and N in the fine wood litter compartments. In some stands (notably P. caribaea, P. elliottii, and E. saligna), leaf litter derived from species other than the species planted in that particular stand had higher nutrient concentration than leaf litter from the planted species. Soils of the 10 stands were classified in the same soil series and had similar texture (clay soils). However, significantly different chemical characteristics were found. Results obtained by analysis of covariance and by limiting comparisons to adjacent stands with similar soil texture, indicate that different species have had different influences on the concentration of available nutrients in soil.     

The influence of various physical parameters on anther culture of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

Embryo formation by cultured broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) anthers was best in the pH range of 5.5 to 5.8. Manipulation of the initial medium pH showed, however, that embryos could be recovered throughout the entire pH range tested. Experiments designed to test the influence of anther density on embryo production exhibited an apparent population effect. Comparison of anthers cultured with and without filaments showed a significantly lower level of embryo formation with filaments attached. The importance of anther orientation with the adaxial surface up was also demonstrated. Detailed studies of the effect of temperature on anther response showed the importance of 35°C treatments. Other temperatures and a variety of temperature manipulations were either comparatively ineffective or inhibitory. The duration of 35°C exposure required for optimal response varied widely between 18 and 48 h. Wide variation in plant to plant response was observed despite attempts to optimize the manipulation of physical parameters. Individual plants were identified that reliably formed many thousands of embryos, whereas other plants failed to form embryos under all tested conditions.     

CORRELATED BIOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN NITROGEN-STARVED EUGLENA GRACILIS1

Growth of Euglena gracilis Z Pringsheim under photoheterotrophic conditions in a nitrogen-deprived medium resulted in progressive loss of chloroplastic material until total bleaching of the cells occurred. Biochemical analysis and ultrastructural observation of the first stages of the starvation process demonstrated an early lag phase (from 0 to 9 h) in which cells increased in size, followed by a period of cell division, apparently supported by the mobilization of some chloroplastic proteins such as the photosynthetic CO₂-fixing enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The degradation of the enzyme started after 9 h of starvation and was preceded by a transient concentration of this protein in pyrenoidal structures. Protein nitrogen and photosynthetic pigments as well as number of chloroplasts per cell decreased during proliferation through mere distribution among daughter cells. However, after 24 h, when cell division had almost ceased, there was a slow but steady decline of photosynthetic pigments. This was paralleled by observable ultrastructural changes including progressive loss of chloroplast structure and accumulation of paramylon granules and lipid globules in the cytoplasm. These findings reinforce the role of chloroplastic materials as a nitrogen source during starvation of E. gracilis in a carbon-rich medium. The excess of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase acts as a first reservoir that, once exhausted, is superseded by the generalized disassembly of the photosynthetic structures, if the adverse environment persists more than 24 h.