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91.
Observations of the potto (Perodicticus potto),a nocturnal prosimian primate,indicated a limited behavioral repertoire and prompted renovation of their exhibit at the Frankin Park Zoo (Boston, MA). We
used the natural history of this species to direct the exhibit modifications, which used only nonsynthetic items. We added
live plants, soil, bamboo, shelf fungi, grapevines, a hollow tree, and a log containing an insect dispenser to the exhibit
at little expense. They provided new textures, odors, pathways, stimulation and cover for this secretive species. The changes
produced a heightened aesthetic appeal to the nocturnal exhibit and improved its educational value by representing the animals’
habitat more accurately. The exhibit modifications also resulted in a significant increase in activity, an expansion of the
pottos’ behavioral repertoire,the emergence of sexual behaviors, and an increased visibility to the public. 相似文献
92.
Mike H. Jurke 《Primates; journal of primatology》1996,37(1):109-119
The fate of most nonhuman primate species is intimately related to man. The increasing encroachment on the natural habitat
has resulted in the decimation and even near extinction of some species. Along with this development, the basic concept in
many modern zoos has changed from one of merely display to self-perpetuating units. Primate research facilities are orienting
their research programs towards reproductive physiology and behavior in an effort to provide basic knowledge of reproduction
in these species. This increased emphasis in the area of reproductive biology and the various efforts to improve breeding
of these mostly endangered primates in captivity has stimulated the author to write this review. It represents an attempt
to provide the reader with basic background information relating to the endocrinology and behavior of reproduction in the
clawed New World monkeys as it exists at the time of publication.
The intermediate evolutionary position ofCallimico goeldii between the clawed New World monkeys and the ‘true New World monkeys’ and our relatively poor knowledge about reproduction
and behavior in this particular species fully justifies the focus on Goeldi’s monkey in this essay. This review is an attempt
to provide a brief history of previous studies but also the basis for research in the future. The current status of knowledge
of the small-bodied clawed monkeys is also discussed in an evolutionary context, with an emphasis on the different reproductive
strategies in this dynamic group of primates.
The outcome, not surprisingly, confirms the unique position ofCallimico goeldii in its social, ecological, and evolutionary environment. 相似文献
93.
Females of manyDrosophila species spread apart their wings prior to copulation. In the present study we found female wing spreading to provoke male copulation attempts inDrosophila virilis-group species, helping the males to attempt copulation when the female is ready to mate. The males of most species, however, rarely responded to female wing spreading by copulation attempt without licking the female genitalia before and/or after female wing spreading bout. Blocking the female genitalia (D. virilis, D. novamexicana) reduces males' tendency to attempt copulation after female wing spreading. In these, and most other species of the group, female wing spreading seems to be an efficient signal only when combined with stimuli from female genitalia. 相似文献
94.
Behavioral strategies of aphid hyperparasitoids to escape aggression by honeydew-collecting ants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We analyzed the behavioral interactions between two species of honeydew-collecting ants (Lasius niger, Myrmica laevinodis) and foraging females of four species of aphid hyperparasitoids (Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus, Dendrocerus carpenteri, Pachyneuron aphidis, Asaphes vulgaris) usingAphis fabae ssp.cirsiiacanthoidis andLysiphlebus cardui on thistles as aphid and primary parasitoid, respectively. The observed interaction patterns and foraging parameters varied within hyperparasitoid species and revealed different strategies based upon behavioral and morphological constraints.D. carpenteri generally tried to avoid ant encounters. This avoidance strategy was successful in interactions withM. laevinodis but failed when encountering the more aggressiveL. niger, which caused about 26% adult mortality. In contrast,A. aphidivorus, P. aphidis, andA. vulgaris possess jumping ability and were hardly exposed to mortality risks. The escape reaction jump off was used as soon as ants made physical contact with foraging females. While the flight strategy ofP. aphidis is connected with cryptic movement patterns without avoidance behavior,A. aphidivorus first avoided ants and jumped off only as a last resort. Similar patterns, but less expressive, are displayed byA. vulgaris. We suggest that these different strategies are responsible for different foraging success in ant-attended resources in field. 相似文献
95.
Ronald J. Prokopy Ratana Poramarcom Manon Sutantawong Ranu Dokmaihom Jorge Hendrichs 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1996,9(1):133-142
Oriental fruit flies,Bactrocera dorsalis, cultured in the laboratory for six generations, were released when 12–14 days old in an orchard of nonfruiting host trees that were furnished with either food and water, nonpunctured host fruit, punctured host fruit, or no resources. Nearly all flies of both sexes, all sexual behavior of males, and all mating pairs were observed on trees with fruit. Moreover, on trees with fruit, nearly all flies of both sexes, nearly all sexual behavior of males, and nearly all mating pairs occurred on the fruit itself rather than on the foliage or branches. In a subsequent test, both sexes were found to be strongly attracted to the odor of host fruit. For a polyphagous species of a tropical tephritid, these findings are the first to show a high level of male aggregation and a high amount of male sexual behavior on the fruit of host trees. Findings are discussed in relation to current knowledge of tephritid mating behavior. An additional quality-control test for laboratory cultured males used in the sterile insect technique of fly management is recommended. 相似文献
96.
Susan M. Rankin Sarah K. Storm Dana L. Pieto Andrea L. Risser 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1996,9(1):85-103
The expression and maintenance of maternal behavior in the earwig,Euborellia annulipes, was examined through manipulation of clutch size, age, and species and through observations of interactions between brooding females. Females underwent discrete gonadotrophic cycles culminating in oviposition of first clutches that were highly variable in size. Neither the head capsule width nor the age of the mother was correlated with clutch size. Maternal care extended through embryogenesis and for the week following hatching. Clutch removal significantly shortened the interclutch interval, indicating that the presence of brood inhibited the onset of the second gonadotrophic cycle. Brooding females readily accepted replacement clutches of the same age. Thus, mothers did not appear to distinguish their own eggs from those of other females. Experimental doubling of clutch size did not significantly reduce the proportion hatching or fledging. In contrast, reducing clutch size diminished the percentage successfully fledging. Manipulation of clutch age resulted in reduced hatching/fledging success. Placing two females, each with newly laid clutches, in the same cage usually resulted in egg transfer from the nest of one female to that of the other within 12 h. Nests of females with larger forceps were significantly more likely to contain both clutches. When mothers with first clutches were paired with mothers with third clutches, eggs were more likely to be transferred to the nest of the older female.E. annulipes females with newly laid clutches appeared to accept as replacement clutches eggs of the earwigDoru taeniatum. Alien clutches were maintained for the typical duration of embryogenesis; however, noD. taeniatum hatchlings were observed. 相似文献
97.
J. P. Michaud 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1996,9(5):683-694
Two-day-old mated females ofAphidius ervi Haliday andMonoctonus paulensis (Ashmead) were each provided with two sequential host patches. Patches were comprised of plastic petri dishes containing either 15 pea aphids,Acyrthosiphum pisum (Harris), or 15 alfalfa aphids,Macrosiphum creelii Davis. Both wasp species parasitized more hosts in patches containing pea aphids than in those containing alfalfa aphids, regardless of sequence. Females ofA. ervi also laid more eggs per aphid in patches containing pea aphids than in patches containing alfalfa aphids. When both patches contained alfalfa aphids,M. paulensis females parsitized more aphids in the second patch than in the first. Fewer alfalfa aphids were parasitized in the second patch when the first patch contained pea aphids, and fewer eggs were laid per alfalfa aphid. Parasitoid females of both species exhibited consistently higher rates of oviposition into their preferred host species and adjusted their reproductive allocation to hosts and host patches as a function of their experience in previous patches. 相似文献
98.
A group of serotonergic cells, located in the pedal ganglia ofHelix lucorum, modulates synaptic responses of neurons involved in withdrawal behavior. Extracellular or intracellular stimulation of these
serotonergic cells leads to facilitation of spike responses to noxious stimuli in the putative command neurons for withdrawal
behavior. Noxious tactile stimuli elicit an increase in background spiking frequency in the modulatory neurons and a corresponding
increase in stimulus-evoked spike responses in withdrawal interneurons. The serotonergic neurons have processes in the neuropil
of the parieto-visceral ganglia complex, consistent with their putative role in modulating the activity of giant parietal
interneurons, which send processes to the same neuropil and to the pedal ganglia. The serotonergic cells respond to noxious
tactile and chemical stimuli. Although the group as a whole respond to noxious stimuli applied to any part of the body, most
cells respond more to ipsilateral than contralateral stimulation, and exhibit differences in receptive areas. Intracellular
investigation revealed electrical coupling between serotonergic neurons which could underlie the recruitment of members of
the group not responding to a given noxious stimulus. 相似文献
99.
George A. Bray 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》1995,3(Z4):425S-434S
Criteria for the evaluation of new drugs to treat obesity are important as guides for designing clinical trials to test these agents. These criteria must be developed in relation to the realities of obesity, which is a chronic disease associated with morbidity and mortality that is increased by visceral fat deposits. The observation that patients regain weight after stopping drug treatment for obesity argues for the proposition that drugs work only when taken and NOT that the drugs are ineffective. The analogy between the development of treatments for obesity to those for the treatment of hypertension is used to highlight potential areas for new developments. Several features of an ideal drug for the treatment of obesity are suggested. Criteria for evaluating new drugs include both primary and secondary endpoints. The primary endpoint for an anti-obesity drug should be weight loss, possibly by category of success. Losses of total body fat or visceral fat might be alternative primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints include reduction in risk factors for associated diseases and improvement in the quality of life. In trials where vigorous placebo designs including highly aggressive behavior modification or very-low-calorie diets were used, it may be difficult or impossible to detect a response to a drug. 相似文献
100.
Madelyn H. Fernstrom 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》1995,3(Z4):435S-439S
Among drugs which cause weight gain, the tricyclic antidepressant medications are a drug class producing persistent and problematic body weight gain in many treated patients. Major depressive illness is often associated with reductions in appetite and body weight, and treatment with antidepressants effectively restores mood, appetite and weight. However, a frequent complaint of patients treated with tricyclic drugs is of excessive and unwanted weight gain, oftentimes resulting in medication noncompliance. The incidence of weight gain during acute and chronic treatment with different, frequently prescribed antidepressant drugs will be reviewed, as will the possible mechanisms by which such drugs alter caloric intake and expenditure, contributing to drug-induced weight gain. 相似文献