微生物铁载体运输系统

铁是大多数生物生长所必需的元素,在生命活动中占有极其重要的地位.尽管自然界中铁元素含量丰富,但是大多敬好氧生物包括微生物都面临着铁缺乏的问题,铁载体运输系统是微生物获得铁元素的重要途径.本文就铁载体运输系统的组成、调控机制及当前微生物中的铁载体运输系统的进展作以综述.     

Light affects competition for inorganic and organic nitrogen between maize and rhizosphere microorganisms

Effects of light on the short term competition for organic and inorganic nitrogen between maize and rhizosphere microorganisms were investigated using a mixture of amino acid, ammonium and nitrate under controlled conditions. The amount and forms of N added in the three treatments was identical, but only one of the three N forms was labeled with ¹⁵N. Glycine was additionally labeled with ¹⁴C to prove its uptake by maize and incorporation into microbial biomass in an intact form. Maize out-competed microorganisms for during the whole experiment under low and high light intensity. Microbial uptake of ¹⁵N and ¹⁴C was not directly influenced by the light intensity, but was indirectly related to the impact the light intensity had on the plant. More was recovered in microbial biomass than in plants in the initial 4 h under the two light intensities, although more ¹⁵N-glycine was incorporated into microbial biomass than in plants in the initial 4 h under low light intensity. Light had a significant effect on uptake by maize, but no significant effects on the uptake of or ¹⁵N-glycine. High light intensity significantly increased plant uptake of and glycine ¹⁴C. Based on ¹⁴C to ¹⁵N recovery ratios of plants, intact glycine contributed at least 13% to glycine-derived nitrogen 4 h after tracer additions, but it contributed only 0.5% to total nitrogen uptake. These findings suggest that light intensity alters the competitive relationship between maize roots and rhizosphere microorganisms and that C4 cereals such as maize are able to access small amounts of intact glycine. We conclude that roots were stronger competitor than microorganisms for inorganic N, but microorganisms out competed plants during a short period for organic N, which was mineralized into inorganic N within a few hours of application to the soil and was thereafter available for root uptake.     

微生物分子生态学技术在污水处理系统中的应用

微生物分子生态学作为分子生物学与微生物生态学交叉而形成的学科,在污水处理方面广泛应用。本文从分子生态学实验技术角度,综述了目前污水处理系统中微生物群体结构、多样性及其与功能相关性的研究进展,探讨了分子生态学技术的发展与应用前景,并指出研究该体系微生物对于认识微生物系统发育地位具有重要意义。     

短期内15N标记的铵盐和硝酸盐在青藏高原高寒草甸中的运移规律

运用15N稳定性同位素示踪技术,对高寒草甸植物和土壤微生物固持沉降氮的能力及沉降氮在小嵩草(Kobresia pygaea)草甸中的运移规律进行了研究.施肥2周后,NO-3-15N和NH+4-15N的总恢复率分别为73.5%和78%.无论是NO-3-15N,还是NH+4-15N,植物所固持的15N总是比土壤有机质或者是土壤微生物固持的多.4周后,70.6%的NO-3-15N和57.4%的NH+4-15N被固持在土壤和植物中.其中,土壤有机质所固持的15N均下降了很多,而植物所固持的15N却变化很小.同前面的结果相比,较多的NO-3-15N为土壤微生物所固持.在施肥6周和8周后,NO-3-15N的总恢复率分别为58.4%和67%,而NH+4-15N的总恢复率分别为43.1%和49%.植物和土壤微生物所固持的NO-3-15N比NH+4-15N多.在整个实验期间,植物固持的NO-3N较多,而且比土壤微生物固持了较多的15N.由于无机氮的含量一直很低,无机氮库所固持的15N一般不超过1%.上述结果意味着短期内植物在高寒草甸中对沉降氮的去向起着决定作用.     

An in situ method for cultivating microorganisms using a double encapsulation technique

The lack of cultured microorganisms represents a bottleneck for advancement in microbiology. The development of novel culturing techniques is, therefore, a crucial step in our understanding of microbial diversity in general, and the role of such diversity in the environment, in particular. This study presents an innovative method for cultivating microorganisms by encapsulating them within agar spheres, which are then encased in a polysulfonic polymeric membrane and incubated in a simulated or natural environment. This method stimulates growth of the entrapped microorganisms by allowing them access to essential nutrients and cues from the environment. It allows for the discovery of microorganisms from dilutions that are 10–100-fold greater than possible with conventional plating techniques. Analysis of microorganisms grown in such spheres incubated in and on a number of different substrates yielded numerous novel ribotypes. For example, spheres incubated on the mucus surface of a Fungiid coral yielded numerous ribotypes, with only 50% sharing similarity (85–96%) to previously identified microorganisms. This suggests that many of the species represent novel ribotypes. Hence, the technique reported here advances our ability to retrieve and successfully culture microorganisms and provides an innovative tool to access unknown microbial diversity.     

南疆连作棉田几种有益细菌的动态变化规律

通过稀释涂布平板法研究农一师二团和三团不同连作年限棉田土壤中好气性自生固氮菌、钾细菌、纤维素分解细菌、无机磷细菌、有机磷细菌等有益土壤细菌的总数分布, 以探讨棉花连作对土壤微生物的影响及土壤微生物对棉花生长的影响。结果表明, 5种细菌菌数均在花铃期达到最高, 苗期最低, 受耕作制度影响, 播前期菌数较高。5种细菌菌数随棉花连作年限的增加没有表现出有规律的变化, 受棉花连作影响较小。好气性自生固氮菌菌数在二团各生育期均比三团高, 其他4种细菌在不同生育期变化各不相同。土壤有益细菌与土壤多种离子养分呈负相关, 自生固氮菌与土壤全氮呈显著正相关。     

Soil microbial communities in the zone of uranium deposits of the Central Aldan (South Yakutia)

Specific features of soil microbial colonies in industry-affected mountainous-taiga permafrost landscapes in the El’kon uranium ore district on the territory of South Yakutia are revealed: a high number of ecological trophic groups of microorganisms (2.0 × 10³ ?7.6 × 10⁷ cells/g), comparable to the density of microbes in meadow steppe soils of Central Yakutia and a special nature of their distribution over the soil profile depending on the uranium content of the soil. In the soil of a uranium-contaminated pit, the number of individuals in all examined groups of microorganisms increases with a decrease in uranium content to 161 ppm. In the remaining samples of this pit, the disappearance of microorganisms or their decline by one or two orders of magnitude with increasing uranium content of the soil is observed. A different situation is with microorganisms in the soil of native landscape: Their numbers remain there high over the entire soil profile. Estimated correlations between the number of individuals of the main ecological trophic groups of microorganisms and factors such as uranium content, temperature, and humidity of soil shows that the relationship with the concentration of this radionuclide was strongly negative (r = ?0.6) in the radiation-contaminated alluvial soil, while a strict relationship between the number of microorganisms and soil temperature was revealed for the uncontaminated soil (r = ±1).     

Effect of environmental conditions on the distribution of functional groups of microorganisms in the Khoito-Gol mineral springs (East Sayan)

The structure and functional activity of the microbial communities formed under different environmental conditions of the Khoito-Gol mineral springs are investigated. The habitat of microorganisms in the Khoito-Gol springs is characterized by abundant hydrogen sulfide and intense circulation of sulfur with the participation of sulfate-reducing, thionic, colorless, and purple bacteria. The main terminal process of microbial destruction of organic matter is sulfate reduction.