The feeding relationships of brown trout,minnow and three-spined stickleback in an upland reservoir system

Stomach contents of 242 brown trout, 1440 minnow and 368 stickleback from the North Lake and of 121 trout, 1079 minnow and 332 stickleback from the South Lake of an upland reservoir system in Co. Wicklow (Ireland) were analysed.Macroinvertebrates from each reservoir were sampled in September 1982, June and September 1983, and June 1984. A further sampling in September 1984 involved only the South Lake as low water levels prevented littoral samples being taken in the North Lake. Vertical and horizontal hauls of zooplankton were also collected during September 1983 and 1984.The diets of the three species were compared on each date using Spearman Rank Correlation coefficients and Schoener's index of dietary overlap. The diets of the minnow and stickleback regularly showed significant correlation but the trout diet was very different except during periods of very reduced water levels when all species fed on zooplankton.     

Characterization of an alkane-degrading methanogenic enrichment culture from production water of an oil reservoir after 274 days of incubation

Oil reservoirs represent special habitats for the activity of anaerobic microbial communities in the transformation of organic compounds. To understand the function of microbial communities in oil reservoirs under anaerobic conditions, an alkane-degrading methanogenic enrichment culture was established and analyzed. Results showed that a net 538 ??mol of methane higher than the controls were produced over 274 days of incubation in microcosms amended with alkanes and a decrease in the alkanes profile was also observed. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from the enrichment microcosms indicated that the archaeal phylotypes were mostly related to members of the orders Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales. The bacterial clone library was composed of sequences affiliated with the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Deferribacteres, and Bacteroidetes. However, most of the bacterial clones retrieved from the enrichment cultures showed low similarity to 16S rRNA gene sequences of the cultured members, indicating that the enrichment cultures contained novel bacterial species. Though alkane-degrading methanogenic enrichment consortium has rarely been reported from petroleum reservoirs, our results indicated that oilfield production water harbors a microbial community capable of syntrophic conversion of n-alkanes to methane, which sheds light on the bio-utilization of marginal oil reservoirs for enhanced energy recovery.     

Genetic diversity and origin of a fish population recently colonizing a reservoir: The case of Basilichthys microlepidotus,central Chile

Freshwater ecosystems are among those most affected by human activity. Constructing artificial reservoirs can change freshwater biodiversity, thereby impacting genetic diversity (GD), which is crucial to population-level adaptation. The Maipo River basin, inhabited by the endemic silverside Basilichthys microlepidotus, is one of Chile's most impacted freshwater systems. In this basin, the species is divided into five populations. Recently, a new population was discovered in the reservoir Laguna Esmeralda (LE). We hypothesized that LE silversides possess less GD than other populations and originated from a single basin population. Our evidence shows that the LE is a genetically isolated population with evidence of low genetic variation, but not showing signals of bottleneck or significant reduction in GD. Results consistently identified two sites as unlikely to be the origin of the LE silverside population, suggesting that it was established by the immigration of many individuals from the other three populations.     

A critical analysis of regulated river ecosystem responses to managed environmental flows from reservoirs

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Euscelis incisus (Cicadellidae,Deltocephalinae), a natural vector of 16SrIII‐B phytoplasma causing multiple inflorescence disease of Cirsium arvense

We investigated multiple inflorescence disease of Cirsium arvense (CMI) and its association with phytoplasmas of the 16SrIII‐B subgroup, potential natural vector(s) and reservoir plant(s). From five locations in northern Serbia, 27 plants of C. arvense, 1 C. vulgare and 3 Carduus acanthoides with symptoms of multiple inflorescences (MIs) were collected and tested for 16SrIII group phytoplasmas. All symptomatic plants were found to be infected. Tentative reservoir plants and insect vectors were collected at a Dobanovci site where the continuous presence of CMI disease was recorded. Among the 19 most abundant plant species submitted to phytoplasma testing, all symptomless, the presence of the 16SrIII group was detected only in two legumes: Lathyrus tuberosus (2/5) and L. aphaca (1/5). Among 19 insect species from six families of Auchenorrhyncha, the deltocephalid leafhopper Euscelis incisus was the only insect carrying a 16SrIII phytoplasma (10% of analysed individuals). Transmission trials were performed with naturally infected E. incisus adults of the summer generation and with a laboratory population reared on red clover. After an acquisition period of 48 h on C. arvense symptomatic for MIs and a latent period of 28 days, 83% of the E. incisus adults (300/360) were infected with CMI phytoplasma. In two transmission tests, the leafhoppers successfully transmitted the phytoplasma to exposed plants (C. arvense and periwinkle), proving its role as a natural vector. Test plants of C. arvense infected with the 16SrIII‐B phytoplasma expressed typical symptoms similar to those observed in the field, such as MIs or the absence of flowering, shortened internodes and plant desiccation. Typical symptoms in infected periwinkles were virescence and phyllody. The molecular characterisation of the CMI phytoplasma isolates from diseased and asymptomatic field‐collected plants, vectors, and test plants was performed by sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA, rpl22‐rps3 and rpl15‐secY genes. Phylogenetic analyses of other members of the 16SrIII group of phytoplasmas indicated closest relatedness with clover yellow edge phytoplasma (CYE) of the 16SrIII‐B subgroup.     

油藏微生物的代谢特征和生态结构调控

油藏环境中孕育着多种多样的微生物,这些微生物代谢类型多、变异性大,在微生物生态系统中占有重要位置。研究油藏中微生物的代谢特征和相互之间的生态关系,有助于提升对微生物提高采收率机理的认识。本文对油藏环境中常见微生物类群的代谢特征与功能、生态结构与调控等进行了简要综述。     

惠州市3座供水水库沉积物重金属污染特征

为了解惠州市供水水库沉积物重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg)污染状况和垂直分布特征,于2008年5月在惠州市3座具代表性的水库湖泊区采集柱状沉积物样品,运用ICPMS法检测沉积物中重金属含量,并采用地积累指数法(Igen)和潜在生态风险指数法(RI)进行污染评价,同时运用主成分分析(PCA)对沉积物中重金属的可能来源进行分析.结果表明:3座水库沉积物重金属含量随沉积深度的变化差异明显,一些重金属含量的垂直变化不明显,而另一些垂直变化明显(降低或升高),但各种重金属在不同水库沉积物中呈现特有的垂直分布特征.根据地积累指数可知,3座水库中沉积物主要以Zn和Pb污染最为严重,达到轻度至强度污染(含量分别为Zn:49.98 ～ 640.29 mg·kg-1;Pb:21.94～300.66 mg· kg-1),同时沉积物中部或底部受到轻度的Cu污染(含量为16.85 ～45.46 mg·kg-1),基本未受Cr、Cd和Hg污染.据6种重金属潜在生态风险系数[Er(i)]及潜在生态风险指数(RI)可知,3座水库沉积物的重金属潜在风险均处于较低水平.据PCA分析和相关资料可知,矿山开采与冶炼、城市化和农林业快速发展等人类活动影响了3座水库沉积物重金属的分布特征和污染.其中,Zn主要来源于矿产开采与冶炼;除矿产开采与冶炼导致沙田水库Pb污染外,机动车尾气排放和生活垃圾等是3座水库沉积物Pb污染的主要途径;Cu污染主要来源于农业和林业污染.     

三峡水库消落区模拟水淹对4种草本植物生长的影响

通过对狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、香附子(Cyperus rotundus)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和羊茅(Festuca ovina)等4种草本植物在长江实际水域进行模拟水淹试验,水淹深度为5 m、10 m、15 m、20 m和25 m,水淹时间为180 d,出水恢复时间为50 d,观测其水淹期间以及出水后盖度的变化,揭示不同水淹条件对4种试验植物生长的影响,从而进一步探讨每种植物在三峡水库消落区植被修复过程中适宜种植的高程。结果表明:水淹导致植株盖度下降,水淹深度越低盖度下降越显著;出水后,除香附子和芦苇在深度为25 m的处理组不能进行恢复生长外,其余皆能恢复生长,但随着水淹深度的加深,越难恢复至淹前水平;各适生植物在消落区的适宜生存范围和最适生存范围:狗牙根和羊茅,175 m～150 m和175 m～155 m;芦苇,175 m～155 m和175 m～160 m;香附子,175 m～155 m和175 m～165 m。     

深圳市径心水库区苏铁蕨群落结构特征及演替分析

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