Neuropharmacology of rotifer feeding,oviposition, and anesthesia

Effect of acetylcholine and anticholinergic drugs on feeding, oviposition, and anesthesia in rotifers was investigated. Neurotransmitter as well as antagonist drugs inhibited feeding in Brachionus calyciflorus in a dose-dependent manner. Most antagonist drugs caused an oscillating tachyphylaxis (drug habituation): the drug effect wore off and returned several times within an hour. Acetylcholine inhibited oviposition in Philodina acuticornis, and this effect was antagonized by all groups of anticholinergic drugs. The strongest antagonism was caused by neuromuscular blockers, and thus the cause of oviposition inhibition may be a cloacal sphincter spasm. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory insecticides also antagonize the acetylcholine effect. Acetylcholine potentiates the anesthetic activity of ionizing local anesthetics (procaine, lidocaine) as well as that of atropine and the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol. Muscarinic antagonists (atropine, benactyzine) and propranolol caused foot paralysis in B. calyciflorus, which is also potentiated by acetycholine. Further details of these results are given by Nogrady and Keshmirian (1986a, b).     

不同剂量右美托咪定联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉对食管癌根治术患者炎症因子、氧化应激和术后谵妄的影响

摘要 目的：探讨不同剂量右美托咪定联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉对食管癌根治术患者炎症因子、氧化应激和术后谵妄的影响。方法：选择南京医科大学附属宿迁第一人民医院2019年1月~2021年12月期间120例择期行食管癌根治术的患者。按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组（41例,丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉）、低剂量组（40例,对照组基础上联合0.50 μg/kg右美托咪定麻醉）、高剂量组（39例,对照组基础上联合1.00 μg/kg右美托咪定麻醉）。对比三组神经损伤指标、炎症因子、氧化应激相关指标,同时记录三组不良反应发生率和术后谵妄发生率。结果：高剂量组、低剂量组T2~T4时间点S100β蛋白、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）低于对照组,且高剂量组低于低剂量组（P<0.05）。高剂量组、低剂量组T2~T4时间点肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、白介素-6（IL-6）、白介素-1β（IL-1β）低于对照组,且高剂量组低于低剂量组（P<0.05）。高剂量组、低剂量组T2~T4时间点超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）高于对照组,且高剂量组高于低剂量组（P<0.05）。高剂量组、低剂量组T2~T4时间点丙二醛（MDA）低于对照组,且高剂量组低于低剂量组（P<0.05）。三组麻醉期间不良反应发生率对比无差异（P>0.05）。高剂量组的术后谵妄发生率低于低剂量组、对照组（P<0.05）。结论：1.00 μg/kg剂量的右美托咪定联合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于食管癌根治术患者麻醉效果较好,可降低术后谵妄发生率,有效控制氧化应激和炎症因子水平。     

利多卡因咽喉表面麻醉对腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者应激反应、血流动力学及恢复质量的影响

摘要 目的：探讨利多卡因咽喉表面麻醉对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）患者应激反应、血流动力学及恢复质量的影响。方法：采用随机数字表法将长沙市第一医院2019年4月-2021年6月期间收治的80例行LC患者分为对照组（40例,接受全身麻醉）和观察组（40例,对照组的基础上接受利多卡因咽喉表面麻醉）。对比两组血流动力学指标、应激反应指标、呛咳和躁动的发生情况、疼痛情况及生活质量。结果：观察组气管插管即刻（T1）~手术结束时（T4）收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）和心率（HR）低于对照组同期（P<0.05）。观察组术后即刻皮质醇（Cor）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的呛咳发生率、躁动发生率以及总发生率明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组术后6 h、术后12 h、术后24 h疼痛视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分低于对照组同期（P<0.05）。观察组术后1个月活力、躯体疼痛、社会功能、生理功能、总体健康、精神健康、生理职能、情感职能评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：利多卡因咽喉表面麻醉用于LC患者,可发挥气道保护作用,减轻患者的应激反应,维持患者血流的动力平衡,提高恢复质量。     

Field anesthesia of juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) using inhalation anesthesia

Between 1998 and 2008, 621 Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus, SSL) were captured underwater by SCUBA divers and anesthetized with isoflurane (n = 602) or sevoflurane (n = 19). We found significantly faster induction time ( ± SD) for sevoflurane (11 ± 6 min) compared to isoflurane (14 ± 6 min), as well as an interaction between anesthetists using the isoflurane protocol. Severe hypothermia with temperatures <35°C were measured in 22% of all animals, and had significant associations with month, length of anesthesia, and sex. Mortality rate was low (0.33%). We conclude that both isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia were effective for field anesthesia to safely handle and sample SSL.     

A Neuronal Hub Binding Sleep Initiation and Body Cooling in Response to a Warm External Stimulus

1. Download high-res image (196KB)
2. Download full-size image

     

Factors affecting sequential sex allocation in the parasitoid wasp Gryon japonicum

Female wasps of the solitary egg parasitoid Gryon japonicum (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) allocate male and female offspring in a particular sequence to successive hosts. Male eggs are typically laid in the second host, and the sex allocation sequence is reset after a certain period of time. The present study aimed to examine the underlying mechanism to hold information and reset the sequence by using eggs of Riptortus pedestris (Heteroptera: Alydidae) as hosts. After completion of initial oviposition, a female wasp was treated by cold anesthesia for 1 h, exposure to a parasitized host for 3 h, or being kept at 15°C in darkness for 24 h, and then presented with three host eggs. Cold‐anesthetized females did not reset the sex allocation sequence, indicating that cold anesthesia did not block the mechanism of holding information about oviposition order. Frequent encounters with parasitized hosts were also insufficient to reset the sequence. However, being kept in cool, dark conditions significantly affected resetting, suggesting that low temperature lengthened the time required to reset the sequence. This implies that it is probable that the mechanism to hold information and reset sex allocation sequence in G. japonicum involves metabolism.     

Interactions Between Neuronal Histamine and Halothane Anesthesia in Rats

Abstract: Using an in vivo microdialysis method, we measured the release of histamine in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHy) of rats under several concentrations of halothane anesthesia (1, 0.5, and 0.2%). The release of histamine increased to 341 and 325% at halothane concentrations of 0.5 and 0.2%, compared with the basal level at anesthesia induced by 1% halothane. α-Fluoromethylhistidine (100 mg/kg i.v.), a specific and irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, reduced the histamine release to <35% of the basal value at 1% halothane anesthesia in the AHy, and also decreased the anesthetic requirement for halothane, evaluated as the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), by 26%. Furthermore, pyrilamine (20 mg/kg i.v.), a brain-penetrating H₁ antagonist, and zolantidine (20 mg/kg i.v.), a brain-penetrating H₂ antagonist, reduced the MAC for halothane by 28.5 and 16%, respectively. Although thioperamide (5 mg/kg i.v.), an antagonist of presynaptic H₃ autoreceptor, induced an approximate twofold increase in the level of histamine release in conscious freely moving rats, the same dose of thioperamide had little effect on the release of histamine under 1% halothane anesthesia in the AHy. Furthermore, thioperamide did not change the anesthetic requirement (MAC) for halothane. The present findings indicate that halothane anesthesia inhibits the release of neuronal histamine and that histaminergic neuron activities change the anesthetic requirement (MAC) for halothane through H₁ as well as H₂ receptors.     

BIS监测下两种快通道麻醉方式应用于鼻内镜手术的比较

目的:观察BIS指导两种快通道麻醉在鼻内镜手术中的应用及麻醉效果。方法:选择60例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期行功能性鼻内镜手术(FESS)患者,随机分为七氟醚诱导维持麻醉组(VIMA组)与异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉组(TIVA组)。VIMA组:8%七氟醚,氧流量8L/min,潮气量法吸入诱导,七氟醚维持麻醉;TIVA组:异丙酚2 mg/kg诱导,异丙酚维持麻醉。两组诱导时都静脉注射瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,监测TOF值为0、BIS60并维持5 s后行气管插管。术中静脉泵注瑞芬太尼0.2μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1),分别调整七氟醚和异丙酚维持剂量使BIS值在气管插管后至手术结束前15 min左右保持在40~60之间,手术最后15 min保持于60~70之间。两组术后进行Steward评分,并比较两组各时点SBP、DBP、HR,拔管时间,快通道麻醉成功率和苏醒期不良反应发生率。结果:VIMA组拔管时间(11.60±2.55 min)比TIVA组的(7.13±3.26 min)明显延长(P0.05);TIVA组快通道成功率显著高于VIMA组(P0.05)。两组苏醒期不良反应的发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:异丙酚全凭静脉麻醉用于鼻内镜手术拔管时间比七氟醚诱导维持麻醉短,快通道麻醉效果更好。     

硬膜外复合全身麻醉对开胸手术患者麻醉苏醒期苏醒质量和应激状态的影响

目的:探讨硬膜外复合全身麻醉对开胸手术患者麻醉苏醒期苏醒质量和应激状态的影响。方法:选择2013年6月~2015年3月在我院行开胸手术患者80例作为研究对象,按照数字随机表法分为对照组和观察组,分别给予静吸复合全身麻醉和硬膜外复合全身麻醉,比较两组患者术后苏醒的时间和拔管的时间,采用运动活动评分(MAAS)评估镇静程度,电化学法测定去肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)及多巴胺(DA)水平。结果:观察组的苏醒时间为(7.12±1.23)min,拔管时间为(11.38±1.86)min,均短于对照组的(15.34±2.82)min和(25.71±4.22)min,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。术后0.5 h及术后6 h两组患者的MAAS均高于术前,且观察组优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后NE、E及DA水平均高于术前,且对照组高于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:开胸手术患者采用硬膜外复合全身麻醉可缩短苏醒时间和拔管时间,提高患者的苏醒质量,降低应激反应,值得临床推广应用。