Dynamic analysis of phytoplankton community characteristics in Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay is a large bay along the southern coast of China. The composition, abundance, community structure and diversity of phytoplankton in Daya Bay were investigated to assess its status in different seasons in 2002, and a total of 48 genera and 114 species of phytoplankton were identified. The cell abundance of phytoplankton varied from 5.79 × 10⁴ cells/m³ to 5.37 × 10⁶ cells/m³ with an average of 1.14×10⁶ cells/m³. The largest community was Bacillariophyta containing 84 taxa, and its average abundance was 1.08 × 10⁶ cells/m³. Annual abundance variations show a typical one-peak cycle, with the highest peak recorded during summer and the lowest recorded during autumn. The ecotypes of phytoplankton were mostly alongshore warm-water species; however, marine warm-water species and eurytopic species during winter and autumn are more abundant than during the other seasons. The dominant species were diverse and varied with seasons. The species diversity index of phytoplankton in Daya Bay was low during summer, especially near the nuclear power station (NPS) and the aquaculture farms during summer and autumn. Community structure and cell abundance were categorized in relation to monsoon, current and anthropological activities. It is presented that the temperature and hydrodynamics in conjunction with the pattern of nutrients (DIN, DIP and N/P) availability and depletion affect the composition, abundance, community structure, community succession and diversity of phytoplankton.     

青海湖地区不同水体介形类分布特征的初步研究

作者于2005年7—8月在青海湖地区进行考察期间,对青海湖、尕海、耳海以及周边河流、沼泽等不同水体和沉积物进行了系统采样,分析了水底表层41个1—2cm沉积物样品中的介形类动物群组成及对应的水化学组成。初步分析得出青海湖大湖区介形类以Limnocythereinopinata和Eucyprismareotica为主,依盐度的不同二者的优势度有所区别;尕海盐度较高,以Eucyprismareotica为主,耳海盐度较低,分布Limnocythereinopinata和较多偏淡水种如Ilyocyprisechinata,Ilyocyprisbradyi和Candonanyensis;沼泽坑和河流情况较为复杂。     

徐淮地区新元古代九顶山组燧石结核的地球化学特征

徐淮地区新元古代九顶山组燧石结核中保存有很好的丝状、球形蓝藻和细菌化石。为了探讨其化石化过程和沉积环境,我们利用地球化学方法对燧石结核进行了分析,结果显示,该燧石结核中Al/(Al Fe Mn)值为0.127—0.383,平均0.247;Ti O2和Al2O3含量较低;与地壳克拉克值相比,Ba,Co,Nb,Cu,Be,V,Sr,Ni相对亏损,Ti,Cr,Mn强烈亏损。稀土元素总量低,轻稀土元素大于重稀土元素;具弱的Ce负异常和较明显的Eu正异常,北美页岩标准化模式曲线呈平坦状或右倾。这些地球化学特征反映了九顶山燧石结核形成于离大陆较近的边缘浅海碳酸盐台地沉积环境,在其形成的过程中伴有海相热液的作用。化石的保存与Si O的快速沉积和硅化有关。     

Global Network Analysis of Lipid-Raft-Related Proteins Reveals Their Centrality in the Network and Their Roles in Multiple Biological Processes

Lipid rafts are specialized cholesterol-enriched microdomains in the cell membrane. They have been known as a platform for protein-protein interactions and to take part in multiple biological processes. Nevertheless, how lipid rafts influence protein properties at the proteomic level is still an open question for researchers using traditional biochemical approaches. Here, by annotating the lipid raft localization of proteins in human protein-protein interaction networks, we performed a systematic analysis of the function of proteins related to lipid rafts. Our results demonstrated that lipid raft proteins and their interactions were critical for the structure and stability of the whole network, and that the interactions between them were significantly enriched. Furthermore, for each protein in the network, we calculated its “lipid raft dependency (LRD),” which indicates how close it is topologically associated with lipid rafts, and we then uncovered the connection between LRD and protein functions. Proteins with high LRD tended to be essential for mammalian development, and malfunction of these proteins was inclined to cause human diseases. Coordinated with their neighbors, high-LRD proteins participated in multiple biological processes and targeted many pathways in diseases pathogenesis. High-LRD proteins were also found to have tissue specificity of expression. In summary, our network-based analysis denotes that lipid raft proteins have higher centrality in the network, and that lipid-raft-related proteins have multiple functions and are probably concerned with many biological processes in disease development.     

Disparity between Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis, Microsatellite Markers and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis in epidemiological tracking of Candida albicans

Various molecular systems are available for epidemiological, genetic, evolutionary, taxonomic and systematic studies of innumerable fungal infections, especially those caused by the opportunistic pathogen C. albicans. A total of 75 independent oral isolates were selected in order to compare Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE), Electrophoretic Karyotyping (EK) and Microsatellite Markers (Simple Sequence Repeats - SSRs), in their abilities to differentiate and group C. albicans isolates (discriminatory power), and also, to evaluate the concordance and similarity of the groups of strains determined by cluster analysis for each fingerprinting method. Isoenzyme typing was performed using eleven enzyme systems: Adh, Sdh, M1p, Mdh, Idh, Gdh, G6pdh, Asd, Cat, Po, and Lap (data previously published). The EK method consisted of chromosomal DNA separation by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using a CHEF system. The microsatellite markers were investigated by PCR using three polymorphic loci: EF3, CDC3, and HIS3. Dendrograms were generated by the SAHN method and UPGMA algorithm based on similarity matrices (S_SM). The discriminatory power of the three methods was over 95%, however a paired analysis among them showed a parity of 19.7-22.4% in the identification of strains. Weak correlation was also observed among the genetic similarity matrices (S_SM^MLEE × S_SM^EK × S_SM^SSRs). Clustering analyses showed a mean of 9 ± 12.4 isolates per cluster (3.8 ± 8 isolates/taxon) for MLEE, 6.2 ± 4.9 isolates per cluster (4 ± 4.5 isolates/taxon) for SSRs, and 4.1 ± 2.3 isolates per cluster (2.6 ± 2.3 isolates/taxon) for EK. A total of 45 (13%), 39 (11.2%), 5 (1.4%) and 3 (0.9%) clusters pairs from 347 showed similarity (S_J) of 0.1-10%, 10.1-20%, 20.1-30% and 30.1-40%, respectively. Clinical and molecular epidemiological correlation involving the opportunistic pathogen C. albicans may be attributed dependently of each method of genotyping (i.e., MLEE, EK, and SSRs) supplemented with similarity and grouping analysis. Therefore, the use of genotyping systems that give results which offer minimum disparity, or the combination of the results of these systems, can provide greater security and consistency in the determination of strains and their genetic relationships.     

A model for the evolutionary diversification of religions

We address the problem of cultural diversification by studying selection on cultural ideas that colonize human hosts and using diversification of religions as a conceptual example. In analogy to studying the evolution of pathogens or symbionts colonizing animal hosts, we use models for host-pathogen dynamics known from theoretical epidemiology. In these models, religious content colonizes individual humans. Rates of transmission of ideas between humans, i.e., transmission of cultural content, and rates of loss of ideas (loss of belief) are determined by the phenotype of the cultural content, and by interactions between hosts carrying different ideas. In particular, based on the notion that cultural non-conformism can be negative frequency-dependent (for example, religion can lead to oppression of lower classes and emergence of non-conformism and dissent once a religious belief has reached dominance), we assume that the rate of loss of belief increases as the number of humans colonized by a particular religious phenotype increases. This generates frequency-dependent selection on cultural content, and we use evolutionary theory to show that this frequency dependence can lead to the emergence of coexisting clusters of different cultural types. The different clusters correspond to different cultural traditions, and hence our model describes the emergence of distinct descendant cultures from a single ancestral culture in the absence of any geographical isolation.     

不同的声音强度对大鼠听皮层神经元特征频率可塑性的影响

目的：探讨声音强度对大鼠听皮层神经元特征频率可塑性的影响。方法：采用常规电生理学细胞外记录技术,测定不同声刺激强度下,听皮层神经元的特征频率和调谐曲线,比较条件刺激前后的变化。结果：在条件刺激声频率和神经元的特征频率相差±1.0kHz范围内,条件刺激诱导的神经元特征频率可塑性与条件刺激强度有关,较高的刺激强度比较低刺激强度诱导的特征频率可塑性概率高;特征频率可塑性的概率与神经元的频率调谐曲线类型相关,但这种相关几乎不受条件刺激声强度影响。结论：条件声刺激强度可明显影响大鼠听皮层神经元特征频率的可塑性。     

橡胶树叶片高光谱特征分析

从光谱曲线特征和光谱变换特征分析橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)叶片反射曲线特征.结果表明,蓝边、红边、黄边位置特征分别出现于525 nm、725 nm、550 nm波段附近,红谷位置特征变化较大,并提取了红边积分面积等重要光谱变量特征.叶片氮含量与反射光谱的相关分析表明橡胶树叶片氮素敏感波段为700～1300 nm,其中730 nm处相关性最好,达到0.8422的极显著水平,以730 nm处的反射率与叶片氮含量建立线性模型,其复相关系数R2达到0.7094.     

中医推拿（滚）法生物力学研究——手法运动学实测及分析中医推拿（滚）法生物力学研究——手法运动学实测及分析中医推拿（滚）法生物力学研究——手法运动学实测及分析中医推拿（滚）法生物力学研究——手法运动学实测及分析

目的 实测中医推拿（滚）法的运动过程,归纳（滚）法手法运动学的主要特征.方法 邀请推拿领域的专家,在其手背上选取标记点,拍摄专家进行（滚）法推拿时的动态影像并提取坐标数据.将坐标系建立在测试者手法运动初始时刻的手上,并对坐标和时间进行归一化,用统计的手段对数据进行分析、归纳.结果 描绘了（滚）法手法的三维运动轨迹、位移-时间关系图、速度-时间关系图和旋转角-时间关系网,根据其运动学特点提出了14个特征时间点,并采用聚类分析方法对14个特征时间点进行归并,最终定量得到了具有共性的（滚）法手法的5个特征时刻,将（滚）法周期划分为四个具有不同运动特点的阶段,并提出（滚）法有持续1/5-1/4左右的时间具有作用面积大、作用力度大的特点.结论 从（滚）法特征时刻入手,对其运动学特征进行了归纳总结.提取了（滚）法运动学中的共性特征,得到了一些定量的结果.     

虾虎鱼类线粒体全基因组序列结构特征分析及系统发育关系探讨

虾虎鱼类体态变异大、体型小、种类多, 形态鉴定及谱系分类较为困难。为深入开展虾虎鱼类的鉴定、分类及遗传进化等研究, 文章对已获得的26种虾虎鱼线粒体全基因组进行分析。结果发现, 虾虎鱼类线粒体基因组的基因组成及排列模式与大多数脊椎动物线粒体基因组特征基本一致; 由于不同物种的控制区存在不同数量的重复序列而导致基因组序列长度存在明显的差异; 26种虾虎鱼线粒体全基因组序列及不同基因中A+T的含量均超过50%, 并存在碱基G偏倚现象。基于37个编码基因序列, 利用Kimura双参数法计算遗传距离, 发现矛尾刺虾虎鱼与斑尾刺虾虎鱼、斑纹舌虾虎鱼与钝吻舌虾虎鱼分别为同种异名。通过对26种虾虎鱼线粒体基因组控制区序列的比较, 识别了终止结合序列区、中央保守区及保守序列区。利用26种虾虎鱼线粒体基因组的36个编码基因序列构建系统发育树, 发现部分聚类结果不同于传统的形态学分类方式, 虾虎鱼科中的5个亚科出现了明显的分化, 近盲虾虎鱼亚科、背眼虾虎鱼亚科、瓢虾虎鱼亚科亲缘关系较近而聚成一大支, 然后与拟虾虎鱼亚科种类形成姐妹类群, 虾虎鱼亚科与其它的4个亚科亲缘关系较远, 单独成为一个类群。根据分子钟估算结果推测虾虎鱼科物种可能起源于始新世晚期至渐新世时段, 在中新世进一步分化为具有现代表征的虾虎鱼种类。