生物技术产业的知识产权保护和管理

知识产权是一种重要的财产权,它对于一个国家的经济发展和产业进步有着举足轻重的作用。本文探讨了生物技术产业可能涉及的知识产权保护,并着重讨论了其中的专利保护问题,在分析了我国生物技术产业发展知识产权保护的不足之后,指出应加强生物技术产业的知识产权保护意义,健全相应的管理体系,以充分做好生物技术产业的知识产权保护和管理工作,推动我国生物技术产业的健康发展。     

Substitution of isoleucine L177 by histidine in Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center results in the covalent binding of PA bacteriochlorophyll to the L subunit

In this work, we report the unique case of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) - protein covalent attachment in a photosynthetic membrane complex caused by a single mutation. The isoleucine L177 was substituted by histidine in the photosynthetic reaction center (RC) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Pigment analysis revealed that one BChl molecule was missing in the acetone-methanol extract of the I(L177)H RCs. SDS-PAGE demonstrated that this BChl molecule could not be extracted with organic solvents apparently because of its stable covalent attachment to the mutant RC L-subunit. Our data indicate that the attached bacteriochlorophyll is one of the special pair BChls, P(A). The chemical nature of this covalent interaction remains to be identified.     

Morpho-molecular analysis as a prognostic model for repulsive feedback of the medicinal plant “Andrographis paniculata” to allogamy

Andrographis paniculata Nees. (AP) is a self-pollinated medicinal herb with a wide range of pharmaceutical properties, facing a low diversity in Malaysia. Cross-pollination of AP accessions leads to considerable rates of heterosis in the agro-morphological characteristics and anticancer phytochemicals of this eminent medicinal herb. However, the poor crossability of the plant at the interpopulation or intraspecific levels is an obstacle from the evolutionary and breeding points of view as an average of 4.56% crossability was recorded for AP in this study. Hence, this research aimed to elicit the impact of parental genetic distances (GDs) on the rate of crossability of AP using seven accessions in 21 possible cross combinations. To this end, a set of 55 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers and a total of 13 agro-morphological markers were employed to test the hypothesis. Twenty-two out of the 55 RAPD primers amplified a total of 257 bands of which 107 bands were found to be polymorphic. The principal component analysis (PCA) based on the RAPD markers revealed that the studied AP accessions were distributed to three distinct groups. Furthermore, it was noticed that even a minor increase in GD between two parents can cause a decline in their crossability. Unlike, the morphological-based GDs acted neutrally to crossability. This finding suggests that, despite the low genetic diversity among the Malaysian APs, a population prescreening using RAPD markers would be useful to enhance the rate of fruit set through selecting the genetically adjacent parents.     

Ecological divergence and evolutionary transition of resprouting types in Banksia attenuata

Resprouting is a key functional trait that allows plants to survive diverse disturbances. The fitness benefits associated with resprouting include a rapid return to adult growth, early flowering, and setting seed. The resprouting responses observed following fire are varied, as are the ecological outcomes. Understanding the ecological divergence and evolutionary pathways of different resprouting types and how the environment and genetics interact to drive such morphological evolution represents an important, but under‐studied, topic. In the present study, microsatellite markers and microevolutionary approaches were used to better understand: (1) whether genetic differentiation is related to morphological divergence among resprouting types and if so, whether there are any specific genetic variations associated with morphological divergence and (2) the evolutionary pathway of the transitions between two resprouting types in Banksia attenuata (epicormic resprouting from aerial stems or branch; resprouting from a underground lignotuber). The results revealed an association between population genetic differentiation and the morphological divergence of postfire resprouting types in B. attenuata. A microsatellite allele has been shown to be associated with epicormic populations. Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis revealed a likely evolutionary transition from epicormic to lignotuberous resprouting in B. attenuata. It is concluded that the postfire resprouting type in B. attenuata is likely determined by the fire's characteristics. The differentiated expression of postfire resprouting types in different environments is likely a consequence of local genetic adaptation. The capacity to shift the postfire resprouting type to adapt to diverse fire regimes is most likely the key factor explaining why B. attenuata is the most widespread member of the Banksia genus.     

Variation in Photosynthetic Rates and Biomass Productivity among Four Mulberry Cultivars

Among four mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars (K-2, MR-2, BC2-59, and S-13), highest net photosynthetic rate (P _N) was observed in BC2-59 while the lowest rates were recorded with K-2. Significant differences among the four cultivars were found in leaf area, biomass production, activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and sucrose phosphate synthase, and glucose and sucrose contents. The P _N and the activities of photosynthetic enzymes in the four cultivars were significantly correlated with the growth and biomass production measured as leaf yield, total shoot mass, and aerial plant biomass.     

不同林龄第2代杉木林枝叶凋落前的养分转移特征

利用会同杉木林25年的定位测定的基础数据,探讨了不同林龄杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(lamb) Hook)枝叶凋落前的养分转移特征,为人工林经营管理提供科学依据。结果表明:杉木枝叶凋落前年均养分转移量为3.22—31.89 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),其中,叶占71.31%—94.41%,枝占5.59%—28.69%。枝的养分转移量随林龄增加而增加。林分20年生以前,叶的养分转移量呈上升趋势,20年生以后,呈下降趋势。枝的养分转移率为20.97%—22.59%,叶是22.98%—26.06%,枝和叶的养分转移率都随林龄增加而增大。各林龄段的枝的养分转移率差异不显著(P0.05),叶的养分转移率除1—7年生与其他林龄段的差异显著(P0.05),其余各林龄段之间差异不显著(P0.05)。转移的元素量中,N和K占83.75%—84.25%,P、Ca、Mg占15.75%—16.25%。N、P、K、Ca、Mg的转移率分别为24.59%—34.53%,36.36%—46.64%,42.86%—51.27%,3.68%—7.35%,3.67%—9.56%。养分转移率主要受枝叶凋落前、后的养分浓度差值与枝叶凋落前的养分浓度控制,与凋落物量无关。养分的转移量不仅受枝叶凋落前、后的养分浓度差值的影响外,更多地取决于凋落物量,而且与杉木生长发育特征有很大的关联。     

川金丝猴脊神经腹侧支（躯干部）观察

本文较详细地叙述了川金丝猴脊神经腹侧支（躯干部）的分支分布,并发现川金丝猴无颈袢,无肩胛舌骨肌支,无枕小神经,第１、２腰神经腹侧支发出颅侧髂腹下神经和尾侧髂腹下神经。此外,对颈横神经、耳大神经、锁骨上神经等皮神经与颈皮肌的关系作了讨论。     

Control efficiency of leaf beetle,Ophraella communa,on the invasive common ragweed,Ambrosia artemisiifolia,at different growing stages

Ophraella communa LeSage (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an effective biological control agent of A. artemisiifolia, was unintentionally introduced into China. To understand the biological control potential of O. communa on A. artemisiifolia, plant height, the number of branches and leaf control index of A. artemisiifolia injured by the beetle were determined. The results showed that plant height and number of branches decreased and leaf control index increased with the increasing initial release density of O. communa adults, when they were released at 90–100-cm plant height stage in 2008 and 60–70-cm stage in 2009. Even when O. communa was released at a low average density of 1.07 adults per plant at early growth stage of A. artemisiifolia in 2009, it could significantly suppress plant height and number of branches and led to a higher leaf control index compared with the herbicide treatment with Roundup. Prior to the fructicative period, the leaf control index of A. artemisiifolia by O. communa was up to 1.0 on the 47th day after the average initial release of 12 beetles per plant in 2008 or on the 85th day after the average release of 1.07 beetles per plant in 2009, which was significantly higher than that in the herbicide treatment. We suggest that the initial release average density of O. communa adults should be ≥1.07 beetles per plant at the early growth stage, or ≥12 beetles per plant at the late growth stage for an effective control of A. artemisiifolia in the field.     

葡萄枝条水分含量变化与抗寒性关系

以12个葡萄品种1年生枝条为试材,通过0、-15、-18、-21、-24、-27、-30、-133℃8个低温处理24h后,测定不同低温胁迫下葡萄枝条的,6-含水量、束缚水含量、自由水含量和束缚水与自由水的比值。结果表明：随着处理温度的降低,同一品种枝条的总含水量基本恒定,自由水含量呈先下降再升高的趋势,束缚水含量和束缚水与自由水的比值均呈现为先升高再下降的趋势;束缚水与自由水的比值随低温胁迫的变化呈Cubic方程,不同品种束缚水与自由水的比值达到最高点的温度不同,‘双红’、‘北冰红’、‘左优红’的拐点温度在-25℃以下,‘775’、‘巨峰’的拐点温度在-20℃左右,‘雷司令’、‘黑比诺’、‘霞多丽’的拐点温度在-18℃左右,‘赤霞珠’、‘梅鹿特’、‘白比诺’、‘红地球’拐点温度在-16～17℃。对葡萄休眠枝条进行低温处理后,通过测定束缚水与自由水含水量变化鉴定葡萄品种的抗寒性是可行的。