多杀霉素及其混配制剂对蜜蜂和赤眼蜂的安全性评价

为明确生物杀虫剂多杀霉素及其3种混剂对蜜蜂和赤眼蜂Trichogrammatid spp的毒性，采用摄入法、接触法和药膜法分别测定4种制剂对意大利工蜂Apis mellifera L成蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae成峰的毒性。结果表明：摄入法测定，25 g/L多杀霉素悬浮剂、4%阿维菌素·多杀霉素水乳剂、3%甲阿维·多杀霉素悬浮剂、6%甲阿维·多杀霉素水分散粒剂，对蜜蜂半致死浓度LC50(48 h)分别为593、145×10-1、304×10-1、466×10-1 aimg/L。25 g/L多杀霉素悬浮剂对蜜蜂摄入毒性为高毒，其余为剧毒；接触法测定，4种制剂半致死剂量LD50(48 h)分别为00887、0289、00046、00053 aiμg/蜂，对蜜蜂的接触毒性均为高毒；药膜法测定，4种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂的半致死浓度LC50(24 h)分别为012、0097、022、033 aimg/L，安全性评价结果表明，4种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂成蜂均为极高风险性。     

A systematic map of ecosystem services assessments around European agroforestry

Agroforestry offers proven strategies as an environmentally benign and ecologically sustainable land management practice to promote ecosystem services. In this literature review, we systematically consider the agroforestry and ecosystem services literature with the aim to identify and catalogue the knowledge field and provide the first systematic synthesis of ecosystem services research in relation to European agroforestry. We reviewed 71 scientific publications from studies conducted in farmland and forest ecosystems with various types of agroforestry management. Each publication was systematically characterized and classified by agroforestry practice and research approach in order to provide an insight into the current research state in addressing ecosystem services (including methods, indicators, and approaches). Spatial distribution of the case study sites in Europe was also explored. In addition, typical clusters of similar research approaches were identified.The results show that ecosystem service assessment of European agroforestry is currently focused on the spatially extensive wood pastures in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Continental agricultural mosaic landscapes. A specific emphasis has been on regulating, supporting, and provisioning services, such as provision of habitat and biodiversity, food, climate regulation, fibre, and fuel, and the consideration of cultural services has been largely limited to aesthetic value. There is a bias to biophysical and monetary research approaches. The majority of the studies focus on quantitative methods and biophysical field measurements addressing the assessment of only one or two services. Monetary approaches have been applied in less than one fifth of the studies but form a distinctive group.Our results highlight gaps and biases in the ecosystem service research agenda within agroforestry based on which we conclude that research should aim to diversify from the biophysical and monetary approaches, towards a wider variety of approaches, especially socio-cultural, and a wider coverage of ecosystem services. Stronger consideration of stakeholder participation and introduction of spatially explicit mapping are also important key actions. We make suggestions to advance the promise of ecosystem services provision from European agroforestry in decision making including various actors, stakeholders, and institutions, with strong links to policy processes, such as the EU Biodiversity Strategy and Common Agricultural Policy.     

High-throughput Fluorometric Measurement of Potential Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities

Microbes in soils and other environments produce extracellular enzymes to depolymerize and hydrolyze organic macromolecules so that they can be assimilated for energy and nutrients. Measuring soil microbial enzyme activity is crucial in understanding soil ecosystem functional dynamics. The general concept of the fluorescence enzyme assay is that synthetic C-, N-, or P-rich substrates bound with a fluorescent dye are added to soil samples. When intact, the labeled substrates do not fluoresce. Enzyme activity is measured as the increase in fluorescence as the fluorescent dyes are cleaved from their substrates, which allows them to fluoresce. Enzyme measurements can be expressed in units of molarity or activity. To perform this assay, soil slurries are prepared by combining soil with a pH buffer. The pH buffer (typically a 50 mM sodium acetate or 50 mM Tris buffer), is chosen for the buffer''s particular acid dissociation constant (pKa) to best match the soil sample pH. The soil slurries are inoculated with a nonlimiting amount of fluorescently labeled (i.e. C-, N-, or P-rich) substrate. Using soil slurries in the assay serves to minimize limitations on enzyme and substrate diffusion. Therefore, this assay controls for differences in substrate limitation, diffusion rates, and soil pH conditions; thus detecting potential enzyme activity rates as a function of the difference in enzyme concentrations (per sample).Fluorescence enzyme assays are typically more sensitive than spectrophotometric (i.e. colorimetric) assays, but can suffer from interference caused by impurities and the instability of many fluorescent compounds when exposed to light; so caution is required when handling fluorescent substrates. Likewise, this method only assesses potential enzyme activities under laboratory conditions when substrates are not limiting. Caution should be used when interpreting the data representing cross-site comparisons with differing temperatures or soil types, as in situ soil type and temperature can influence enzyme kinetics.     

Testing the hypothesis of greater eurythermality in invasive than in native ladybird species: from physiological performance to life‐history strategies

1. Global warming and biological invasions are important threats to biodiversity. Nonetheless, there is little information on how these factors influence performance or life‐history traits of invasive and native species. 2. The effects of temperature on physiological and fitness traits of two invasive alien species (Harmonia axyridis and Hippodamia variegata) and one native species (Eriopis chilensis) of coccinellid were evaluated, testing a model of eurythermality. Eggs of all species were exposed to four temperature treatments (20, 24, 30 and 33 °C). In adult F₂ we measured fecundity, locomotor performance, development time (total and per life stage), survival, and preferred body temperature in a thermal gradient. 3. It was found that H. axyridis had comparatively better performance at low temperatures (i.e. 20 °C), while the performance of H. variegata and E. chilensis did not change with temperature or was better at higher temperatures (30 °C). The standardised Levins index showed that all species are eurythermic. E. chilensis had a high niche overlap with the invasive alien ladybird species, rejecting the hypothesis of greater eurythermality of invasive species than native species. 4. Although there were differences in the temperature preferences and in the response of some physiological and life‐history traits of ladybirds to temperature, both the native and invasive alien species are eurythermic, contrary to the prediction. The better performance of H. axyridis at lower temperatures may result in displacement of its current distribution, and thus not all invasive species will respond favourably to global warming.     

Theoretical exploration for the combination of the ecological,energy, carbon,and water footprints: Overview of a footprint family

Over the past two decades, a continuously expanding list of footprint-style indicators has been introduced to the scientific community with the aim of raising public awareness of how humanity exerts pressures on the environment. A deeper understanding of the connections and interactions between different footprints is required in an attempt to support policy makers in the measurement and choice of environmental impact mitigation strategies. Combining a selection of footprints that address different aspects of environmental issues into an integrated system is, therefore, a natural step. This paper starts with the idea of developing a footprint family from which most important footprints can be compared and integrated. On the basis of literature review in related fields, the ecological, energy, carbon, and water footprints are employed as selected indicators to define a footprint family. A brief survey is presented to provide background information on each of the footprints with an emphasis on their main characteristics in a comparative sense; that is, the footprints differ in many aspects more than just the impacts they are addressed. This allows the four footprints to be complementarily used in assessing environmental impacts associated with natural resource use and waste discharge. We evaluate the performance of the footprint family in terms of data availability, coverage complementarity, methodological consistency, and policy relevance and propose solutions and suggestions for further improvement. The key conclusions are that the footprint family, which captures a broad spectrum of sustainability issues, is able to offer a more complete picture of environmental complexity for policy makers and, in particular, in national-level studies. The research provides new insights into the distinction between environmental impact assessment and sustainability evaluation, properly serving as a reference for multidisciplinary efforts in estimating planetary boundaries for global sustainability.     

Variability in patterns of growth and morphology of Posidonia oceanica exposed to urban and industrial wastes: contrasts with two reference locations

Urban and industrial wastes have been claimed to negatively affect Posidonia oceanica meadows, but few studies have addressed this issue by comparing disturbed locations with replicated reference locations. Here, we examined the general proposition that patterns of growth and morphology of P. oceanica exposed to urban and industrial effluents were different from those observed in reference meadows. Hypotheses were both on differences in mean values of response variables and on variation of these measures at a hierarchy of spatial scales (from centimetres to hundreds of metres). Results indicated a significant reduction in mean number of intermediate leaves at the outfall compared to reference locations, whereas the opposite pattern occurred for juvenile leaves. There were significant, though temporally variable differences in growth of rhizomes between disturbed and reference locations, with reduced growth at the outfall in 2 out of 3 years analysed. Measures of spatial variance in number of juvenile leaves and length of adult leaves at the scale of shoots were significantly larger at the outfall compared to reference locations. At the same scale, measures of spatial variance in length of juvenile and intermediate leaves were significantly lower at the putatively impacted location. Spatial variance in number of intermediate leaves was reduced at the outfall compared to reference locations at the scale of quadrats. Past values of spatial variance in number of leaves per shoot were lower at the outfall than at the two reference locations at the scale of shoots, whereas the opposite occurred at the scale of areas. None of the structural variables examined showed any difference between the putatively impacted location and the two reference locations, either in terms of mean response or as changes in spatial variance. These results indicated that integrating methods to examine present and past events of disturbance, including analyses to detect changes in spatial variance of response variables, may provide a powerful approach to the analysis of environmental impacts on P. oceanica.     

A proposal for a Composite Index of Environmental Performance (CIEP) for countries

The need to determine the environmental impact caused by economic and human activities has induced a constant search for robust and effective tools that provide useful information for the design of public policies aiming to improve citizens’ quality of life. This paper develops a Composite Index of Environmental Performance (CIEP) from the Driving Force–Pressure–State–Exposure–Effect–Action (DPSEEA) methodology proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The CIEP allows us to determine the negative impacts that the driving forces have on the environment and the supposed pressure effect on the natural state of the available resources, which cause harmful effects on human health. In addition, we observe that actions and socio-environmental policies reduce the environmental impact and the mortality rate, while increasing the life expectancy. In relation to the selected indicators, it is realized that richer countries tend to have a better environmental quality and the population growth and density are factors that increase the driving force, which reduces the environmental quality of the countries.     

Evaluation of panicle residue from broom sorghum as a feed ingredient in finishing diets for lambs

Sorghum panicle residue (SPR), a by-product of Sorghum vulgare, obtained in the manufacture of brooms and wisks, has potential as a partial substitute for grain in growing-finishing diets for feedlot lambs. Accordingly, 48 Pelibuey×Katahdin lambs (initial weight=16.2±4.3 kg) were used in an 84-d growth-performance trial to evaluate its comparative feeding value. Lambs were blocked by weight and assigned within weight groupings to 12 pens (4 lambs per pen). The SPR was finely ground before it was incorporated into the diet. The basal diet contained 60% whole grain sorghum (WGS; DM basis). Dietary treatments consisted in the replacement of WGS with 0, 50, or 100% SPR. Replacement of WGS with SPR decreased (linear effect, P=0.04) average daily gain (ADG), and tended to increase (linear effect, P=0.06) dry matter intake (DMI). Replacement of WGS with SPR decreased (linear effect, P<0.01) gain efficiency (ADG : DMI), and observed dietary net energy (NE), as well as hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, kidney–pelvic–heart fat, and back fat thickness (linear effect, P⩽.05) Other carcass characteristics and wholesale cuts as a percentage of cold carcass weight were not affected by dietary treatments. It is concluded that SPR is a palatable feed ingredient for inclusion in finishing diets for feedlot lambs. The comparative NE values for SPR are 1.50 and 0.91 Mcal/kg for maintenance and gain, respectively, 75% the NE value of WGS. These NE values reflect the greater fiber content of SPR. To the extent that dietary energy density limits energy intake (and hence daily weight gain), appropriate constraints on level of SPR incorporation is warranted.     

Rationale and Procedures for Using the Tissue-Residue Approach for Toxicity Assessment and Determination of Tissue,Water, and Sediment Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Organisms

This article describes a set of procedures for developing tissue, water, and sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life by using the tissue-residue approach (TRA) for toxicity assessment. The TRA, which includes aspects of the Critical Body Residue (CBR) approach, associates tissue concentrations of chemicals with adverse biological effects in a dose-response fashion that can be used to determine CBRs. These CBRs can then be used to develop tissue quality guidelines (TQGs), which may be translated into water or sediment guidelines with bioaccumulation factors. Not all toxicants are amenable to this type of analysis; however, some appear to exhibit relatively consistent results that can likely be applied in a regulatory framework. By examining tissue residues, variations in toxicokinetics (temporal aspects of accumulation, biotransformation, and internal distribution) are greatly reduced allowing a greater focus on toxicodynamics (action and potency) of the toxicants. The strongest feature of this approach is causality; hence, guidelines based on tissue concentrations are based on data demonstrating a causal relationship between the acquired dose and the biological effect. Because the TRA has utility for assessing the toxicity of contaminant mixtures, an approach is presented here using toxic unit values that can be used to assess the likelihood of observing toxic effects based on tissue residues.     

Nutrient status of vegetation grown in alkaline bauxite processing residue amended with gypsum and thermally dried sewage sludge - A two year field study

Although the treatments for overcoming the high pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of bauxite residue are well known, there is little information on long-term nutrient management of vegetation after rehabilitation. The present study examined the chemical and physical amendment of fine fraction residue (red mud) at the Aughinish Alumina Ltd. Bayer Plant, Ireland followed by a two-year field investigation. Gypsum and sewage sludge were incorporated into the residue and amended mud sown with Lolium perenne and Holcus lanatus. Aerial portions were harvested and nutrient composition determined annually for the first two years growth. Amended substrate was low in manganese and magnesium. After year one herbage contained adequate calcium levels, but there were deficiencies for nitrogen, manganese, potassium and magnesium. Sodium levels were not considered excessive and levels declined further in year two. Levels for nitrogen, calcium, manganese, magnesium, phosphorous and potassium were also reduced in the second year. As levels were already deficient in year one the further decreases suggest severe nutrient shortage in the residue substrate. For long-term success of revegetation of bauxite residue, even after gypsum and organic amendment, the deficiencies of nutrients in the substrate must be overcome.