基于生态需水保障的农业生态补偿标准

面向流域农业需水和生态需水间的矛盾问题和协调发展的要求,提出了基于生态需水保障的农业生态补偿标准计算方法。其中考虑农业用水定额计算基于生态需水保障的农业用水短缺,引入水分生产函数模型建立保障生态需水量产生的农业用水短缺与产量损失间的关系,根据不同季节作物产量响应系数的变化,定量确定具有时间和等级差异性的农业生态补偿标准。以保障黄河口生态需水引起的山东引黄灌区农业损失补偿标准分析为实例,计算了冬小麦和夏玉米种植户不同等级的生态补偿标准。结论认为,农业生态补偿标准需根据不同的来水过程及生态需水等级确定,面积稳定和保障功能显著的粮食作物应作为补偿标准计算的依据。     

DGGE fingerprinting of bacteria in soils from eight ecologically different sites around Casey Station,Antarctica

Bacterial community structures in soils collected from eight sites around Casey Station, Antarctica, were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. Higher bacterial diversity was found in soils from protected or relatively low human-impacted sites in comparison to highly impacted sites. However, the highest diversity was detected in samples from Wilkes Tip, a former waste disposal site that has been undisturbed for the last 50 years. Comparison of community structure based on non-metric multidimensional scaling plots revealed that all sites, except the hydrocarbon-contaminated (oil spill) site, were clustered with a 45% similarity. A total of 23 partial 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from the excised DGGE bands, with the majority of the sequences closely related to those of the Cytophaga–Flexibacter–Bacteroides group. No significant correlation was established between environmental variables, including soil pH, electrical conductivity, carbon, nitrogen, water content and heavy metals, with bacterial diversity across the eight study sites.     

Factors influencing the spatial distribution of forest plant species in hedgerows of North-western Germany

In North-western Germany woodland fragmentation has caused a decline in many forest plant species. Hedgerows partly offer a similar environment as forests and have been identified as potential habitats for forest plants in various studies from North America and Western Europe. The objective of this study was to examine whether this applies also to Central Europe and which variables affect the spatial distribution and abundance of forest plant species in hedgerows on a local scale. Three hedgerow networks north of the city of Bremen, Germany, were selected as study areas and divided into totally 515 hedgerow segments. In each segment we recorded all vascular plants and a large number of explanatory variables relating to structure, spatial configuration, environment and management. Averaged across species there was a predominant effect of environmental factors on the occurrence of forest species in the hedgerows, followed by spatial configuration and management. Hedgerow structure was found to be less important. In general, forest species were favored by low nutrient and light availability as well as high connectivity with other hedgerows or forest; they avoided hedgerows with a west-easterly orientation and an adjacent land use in the form of fields or grasslands. Forest species found and not found in hedgerows did not differ in their environmental preferences or life history traits. The number of threatened forest species in the hedgerows, however, was lower than expected with respect to their overall proportion to the total number of forest species in the region.     

环境因子对鳗弧菌生物膜形成的影响

【背景】鳗弧菌是海产动物弧菌病的主要病原,在海水水域中广泛存在。鳗弧菌为了适应环境变化会生成生物膜,形成自我保护,对其防治是水产养殖行业的一大难题。【目的】探讨致病性鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)BYK0638生物膜的形成特性,为进一步研究鳗弧菌生物膜形成机制和致病机理提供参考。【方法】采用改良的微孔板法研究静置培养条件下鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)BYK0638在96孔酶标板上的成膜情况,CCK-8法(Cell counting kit-8)定量检测生物膜中鳗弧菌的活力。【结果】鳗弧菌BYK0638能够在聚苯乙烯酶标板上形成稳定而明显的生物膜,其生物膜的OD450值在24 h达到峰值,60 h后趋于稳定;在107-108 CFU/m L范围内,鳗弧菌生物膜的OD450值显著高于其他试验组(P0.05);25°C时的生物膜OD450值显著高于其他温度生物膜的形成量;在p H 4.0-11.0范围内,当p H值为7.0时鳗弧菌形成的生物膜量最高,在p H值为3.0和12.0时鳗弧菌几乎不形成生物膜;在TSB培养基中加入0.03-2.00 mmol/L Ca Cl2,鳗弧菌生物膜形成量与未添加Ca Cl2对照组无显著性差异;在TSB培养基中加入0.03 mmol/L Mg Cl2,可促进鳗弧菌生物膜形成;Na Cl浓度为5%时,形成的生物膜OD450值最高;鳗弧菌在大黄鱼表皮黏液、肝脏、前肠、后肠组织提取液包被的96孔酶标板上形成的生物膜显著高于其他黏液和组织提取液包被组(P0.05)。【结论】致病性鳗弧菌BYK0638能形成稳定而明显的生物膜,其生物膜形成与外界环境因子变化有密切的关系,培养时间、初始菌浓度、温度、p H、Mg2+、盐度及不同组织和黏液等各种环境因子均能显著影响鳗弧菌生物膜的形成。     

濒危植物香果树（Emmenopterys henryi）种群结构与动态

香果树（Emmenopterys henryi）为我国特有种,属国家Ⅱ级重点保护植物。主要分布于江西、安徽等地亚热带中山或低山区的森林中。文中对武夷山自然保护区4个群落类型的香果树种群数量动态进行了系统研究,统计其径级结构、建立生命表,应用谱分析方法分析种群数量的动态变化,并对影响该种群结构的环境因子进行了分析。结果表明：（1）武夷山自然保护区香果树种群基本属于衰退型,幼苗少,中树、大树个体丰富。不同生境的种群密度存在差异,其中香果树纯林密度较大（8.45±0.818株·100 m^-2）,幼苗数量较多,更新较好（幼苗密度1.05±0.326株·100 m^-2）,针阔混交林中香果树密度较小（6.58±0.76株·100 m^-2）,无幼苗;（2）香果树种群中树死亡率较高,其他各级死亡率较低;（3）香果树种群自然更新过程存在明显的周期。（4）对影响香果树种群结构的13个环境因子通过主成分分析（PCA）发现,较高的光强、土壤含水量、弱酸性土壤、土壤有机质、大气湿度、大气温度和适量的人为干扰对种群增长发挥有利影响,而高海拔、阴坡、陡坡度和大的乔灌层盖度对香果树种群增长则发挥不利影响。（5）充分利用香果树幼树喜荫、大树喜光的特点,加强现有林分的就地保护,特别是具有结实能力的母树,并就地采种育苗,扩大人工种群数量。     

基于应用技术型人才培养模式下的环境微生物学教学改革探索

环境微生物学是环境工程专业的必修专业课,课程的开展对培养学生应用技术能力和提高综合素质等至关重要。传统教学模式使应用技术型人才的培养受到局限,通过分析环镜微生物学课程的理论教学、实验教学、教学形式和师资建设等方面现状,阐述了改革思路和具体措施,以期达到提高学生应用能力的目的,为实现应用技术型人才培养目标进行探索与实践。     

溶解性有机质对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响

土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)是生物活性和物理化学反应活性都很活跃的有机组分,主要通过疏水吸附、分配、氢键、电荷转移、共价键、范德华力等多种作用与有机污染物结合,提高溶液中有机污染物的溶解度,改变土壤中有机污染物的吸附-解吸、迁移-转化等环境行为．DOM对有机污染物的吸附-解吸、迁移-转化过程的影响有双重性：一方面,DOM与有机污染物在土壤表面的共吸附可增加土壤对有机污染物的吸附容量,促进有机污染物在土壤中的吸持;另一方面,DOM对有机污染物的增溶作用,有利于土壤中有机污染物的解吸,提高移动性．作为光敏剂,DOM能提高土壤中有机物的光解反应速率．在一定条件下,DOM也可影响土壤中有机污染物的水解过程．DOM对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响与DOM和有机污染物的性质及其相互作用的介质条件密切相关．     

环境因子对农业土壤有机碳分解的影响

为研究环境因子对有机C在农业土壤中分解的影响 ,在不同温度、水分及土壤质地下进行小麦和水稻秸秆及其根培养实验 ,结果表明 ,在同样的水热条件下 ,秸秆有机C的分解量大于根的分解量 .在温度较低情况下 ,升高温度促进了有机C的分解 ;而在温度较高的情况下 ,升高温度对有机C分解的促进作用降低 .在非淹水条件下 ,温度对有机C分解的影响随着时间的延长而逐步减小 .淹水条件下培养一周后 ,温度对有机C分解的影响不随时间而变化 .当含水量为 30 0 g·kg-1和 5 0 0 g·kg-1时 ,有机C分解较快 ,而在 2 0 0 g·kg-1和淹水条件下则分解较慢 ,空白对照培养结果的趋势是分解速率随水分含量的增加而加快 .培养实验的第一个月内 ,小麦秸秆有机C的分解量与土壤粘粒含量呈负相关     

Using a Strategic Environmental Assessment framework to quantify the environmental impact of bioenergy plans

Renewable energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets are driving an acceleration in the use of bioenergy resources. The environmental impact of national and regional development plans must be assessed in compliance with the EU Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive (2001/42/EC). Here, we quantify the environmental impact of an Irish Government bioenergy plan to replace 30% of peat used in three peat‐burning power stations, located within the midlands region, with biomass. Four plan alternatives for supplying biomass to the power plant were considered in this study: (1) importation of palm kernel shell from south‐east Asia, (2) importation of olive cake pellets from Spain and (3) growing either willow or (4) Miscanthus in the vicinity of the power stations. The impact of each alternative on each of the environmental receptors proposed in the SEA Directive was first quantified before the data were normalized on either an Irish, regional or global scale. Positive environmental impacts were very small compared to the negative environmental impacts for each of the plan alternatives considered. Comparison of normalized indicator values confirmed that the adverse environmental consequences of each plan alternative are concentrated at the location where the biomass is produced. The analysis showed that the adverse environmental consequences of biomass importation are substantially greater than those associated with the use of willow and Miscanthus grown on former grassland. The use of olive cake pellets had a greater adverse environmental effect compared to the use of peat whereas replacement of peat with either willow or Miscanthus feedstocks led to a substantial reduction in environmental pressure. The proposed assessment framework combines the scope of SEA with the quantitative benefits of life cycle assessment and can be used to evaluate the environmental consequences of bioenergy plans.