中国对虾和日本沼虾胃肠道内分泌细胞的鉴别与比较

<正>甲壳动物的蜕皮、繁殖、神经活动、色素活动、心跳、渗透压以及血糖调节等各项生命活动均受内分泌激素的调控[1]。在脊椎动物中的研究表明,胃肠激素具有调节消化吸收过程、保护胃肠黏膜和控制动物摄食行为等多项     

An endocrine disrupter increases growth and risky behavior in threespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

There is considerable concern that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can affect wildlife and humans. While several studies have reported that acute exposure to EDCs can cause changes in reproductive traits, we are in the early stages of discerning whether such changes have significant deleterious fitness consequences. In this study, chronic exposure of threespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to an environmentally relevant level of an EDC used in the birth control pill and post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy produced changes in growth and behavior that were related to fitness. Exposure to 100 ng/l ethinyl estradiol accelerated growth rate and increased levels of behavior that makes individuals more susceptible to predation (activity and foraging under predation risk). Moreover, the costs of exposure to ethinyl estradiol took their ultimate toll via mortality later in life, and were particularly high for females and for one population. The ecological approach taken in this work revealed heretofore unexamined effects of EDCs and has direct implications for the way we evaluate the impact of EDCs in the environment.     

Paternity, parental behavior and circulating steroid hormone concentrations in nest-tending male bluegill

Like many teleost fishes, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) are characterized by sole male parental care of offspring. In addition, bluegill parental males experience cuckoldry by specialized parasitic male morphs. This cuckoldry has previously been shown to influence the expression of parental care behavior. To better understand some of the proximate mechanisms mediating parental behavior, we examined the relationships between circulating steroid hormones, paternity, and parental behavior during the egg and fry stages of care in parentals that spawned during the first third of the breeding season. During the egg stage of care, we found that males with higher paternity had lower levels of testosterone, but there was no relationship between paternity and either 11-ketotestosterone or cortisol. There also was no relationship between the hormones and care behavior comprising fanning of the eggs, nest rim circles, chases of brood predators, or pecking at the eggs (indicative of egg cannibalism), except for a negative relationship between cortisol and pecking behavior. During the fry stage of care, we conversely found that males with higher paternity had higher levels of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. There also was a negative relationship between the concentrations of these two androgens and the defensive behavior of males when exposed to a potential brood predator (a pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus). We discuss these results in relation to previous work in fishes and other vertebrate taxa. Overall, our data suggest a complex relationship between circulating steroid hormone levels, paternity and parental behavior.     

Endocrine disruption in crustaceans due to pollutants: a review

The main endocrine-regulated processes of crustaceans have been reviewed in relation to the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Molting has been shown to be inhibited by several organic pollutants, such as xenoestrogens and related compounds, as well as by some pesticides. Most of these disrupters are thought to interfere with ecdysone at target tissues, although only for a few has this action been demonstrated in vitro. The heavy metal cadmium appears to inhibit some ecdysone secretion. Juvenoid compounds have also been shown to inhibit molting, likely by interfering with the stimulatory effect of methyl farnesoate. A molt-promoting effect of emamectin benzoate, a pesticide, has also been reported. As for reproduction, a variety of organic compounds, including xenoestrogens, juvenoids and ecdysteroids, has produced abnormal development of male and female secondary sexual characters, as well as alteration of the sex ratio. Cadmium and copper have been shown to interfere with hormones that stimulate reproduction, such as methyl farnesoate, as well as with secretion of the gonad inhibiting hormone, therefore affecting, for example, ovarian growth. Several heavy metals were able to produce hyperglycemia in crustaceans during short times of exposure; while a hypoglycemic response was noted after longer exposures, due to inhibition of secretion of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone. The ecological relevance of EDCs on crustaceans is discussed, mainly in relation to the identification of useful biomarkers and sentinel species. New experimental approaches are also proposed.     

Predictive algorithms for adjuvant therapy: TransATAC

Estrogen receptor (ER) positive primary breast cancers have a wide range of clinical outcomes. Prediction of the likely course of the disease aids treatment decision-making. In the translational arm of the ATAC (anastrozole or tamoxifen alone or combined) trial (TransATAC) we have assessed individual and multiparameter biomarkers for their prediction of overall and distant recurrence. None of the biomarkers identified differential benefit for anastrozole versus tamoxifen. Each of ER, PgR, HER2 and Ki67 was associated with risk of recurrence. A combination of these to create a single predictor IHC4 was as informative as the 21-gene recurrence score (RS). Integration of each of these molecular profiles with classical clinicopathologic variables provided the most accurate prediction of outcome.     

The role of Bisphenol A in shaping the brain, epigenome and behavior

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenoestrogen that was first synthesized in 1891. Its estrogenic properties were discovered in 1930, and shortly after that chemists identified its usefulness in the production of epoxy resins. Since the 1950s BPA has been used as a synthetic monomer in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastic, polystyrene resins, and dental sealants. Roughly 6.5 billion pounds of BPA are produced each year and it is the major estrogenic compound that leaches into nearby water and food supplies (vom Saal et al., 2007). BPA has been detected in 95% of human urine samples, which indicates that environmental exposure is widespread (Calafat et al., 2005). Moreover, BPA affects reproductive tissues and the brain. Thus many studies have focused on the effects of BPA during embryonic development. The most recent FDA update (Administration January 2010) points to “some concern about the potential effects of Bisphenol A on the brain, behavior, and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and young children.” In light of this concern, we present an updated review of BPA's action on the brain and behavior. We begin with a discussion of BPA's role as both an endocrine active compound and an agent that alters DNA methylation. Next, we review publications that have reported effects of BPA on brain and behavior. We end with our interpretation of these data and suggestions for future research directions.     

不同术式对雌兔内分泌和骨代谢的影响

目的观察不同子宫、卵巢切除术式对兔术后早期内分泌激素和骨代谢的影响。方法45只健康成年雌兔随机分为5组,Ⅰ组：单纯子宫全切除组;Ⅱ组：子宫全切＋单侧卵巢切除组;Ⅲ组：子宫全切＋双侧卵巢切除组;Ⅳ组：双侧卵巢切除组;Ⅴ组：对照组。测量术前、术后1、2、3个月的体重、雌二醇（E2）、甲状旁腺素（PTH）、血钙、血清碱性磷酸酶（ALK）和骨密度（BD）。结果术后第2、3个月,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组出现烦躁不安和体重减轻的实验兔要显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组;术后第2个月,Ⅱ组E2浓度（17．66±6．06）pg／mL,显著降低,术后第3个月,血钙增高（3．86±0．11）mmol／L,第2椎骨骨密度显著降低,与对照组相比（P〈0．05）,有显著差异;Ⅱ组术后第3个月PTH增高,但与对照组相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）。Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组术后第2个月起,E2、PTH、血钙、ALT和BD,与对照组相比均有显著改变。结论子宫切除术会影响雌兔内分泌的变化,只保留单侧卵巢时不能维持相应的正常生理功能。     

Ultimobranchial gland of the domestic fowl

Summary The ultimobranchial gland (UBG) of birds is particularly rich in calcitonin, the hypocalcaemic hypophosphataemic hormone, that is secreted by the C-cells of the mammalian thyroid. The principal cells of the UBG have a striking resemblance with the mammalian C-cells, i.e., they possess small intracytoplasmic dense-core secretory granules, 150–300 nm in diameter. The gland also contains a second, morphologically distinct, endocrine cell type with larger granules, 500–800 nm in diameter. A sensitive immunocytochemical reaction was developed with the use of antibodies against salmon calcitonin. By means of this technique the presence of calcitonin-immunoreactive molecules was demonstrated in both secretory cell types of the UB gland of the chicken. This gland can thus be considered as a homogeneous calcitonin-producing tissue. Whether the secretory products are identical is discussed and differences in the secretory pathways are suggested.