Integrating Remote Sensing and Ground Methods to Estimate Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiraton (ET) is the second largest term in the terrestrial water budget after precipitation, and ET is expected to increase with global warming. ET studies are relevant to the plant sciences because over 80% of terrestrial ET is due to transpiration by plants. Remote sensing is the only feasible means for projecting ET over large landscape units. In the past decade or so, new ground and remote sensing tools have dramatically increased our ability to measure ET at the plot scale and to scale it over larger regions. Moisture flux towers and micrometeorological stations have been deployed in numerous natural and agricultural biomes and provide continuous measurements of actual ET or potential ET with an accuracy or uncertainty of 10–30%. These measurements can be scaled to larger landscape units using remotely-sensed vegetation indices (VIs), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and other satellite data. Two types of methods have been developed. Empirical methods use time-series VIs and micrometeorological data to project ET measured on the ground to larger landscape units. Physically-based methods use remote sensing data to determine the components of the surface energy balance, including latent heat flux, which determines ET. Errors in predicting ET by both types of methods are within the error bounds of the flux towers by which they are calibrated or validated. However, the error bounds need to be reduced to 10% or less for applications that require precise wide-area ET estimates. The high fidelity between ET and VIs over agricultural fields and natural ecosystems where precise ground estimates of ET are available suggests that this might be an achievable goal if ground methods for measuring ET continue to improve.     

酱香型白酒酿造酒醅中酵母菌多样性研究

为解析酱香型白酒酿造酒醅中酵母菌的菌群结构,获取酒醅中的主要酵母菌,采用高通量测序法分析酱香型白酒酒醅中酵母菌多样性及主要功能菌群,同时采用可培养分离方法获取酒醅中酵母菌活性菌株。从酱香型白酒下沙至五轮次酒醅中共检出59个属、129个种的酵母菌,分离得到酵母菌活性菌株41种,检测到的酵母菌种类与获得的酵母菌活菌在各香型白酒中最多。不同时期酒醅中的酵母菌种类和数量差异明显,其中下沙、造沙轮次以Pichia kudriavzevii为绝对优势酵母菌;一至五轮次随着轮次的递增,酒醅中优势酵母菌的种类增多,其中主要的优势酵母菌有Pichia kudriavzevii、Pichia manshurica、Zygosaccharomyces bailii、Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Candida apicola。酱香型白酒酒醅中蕴藏着极其丰富的酵母菌资源,对酵母菌菌群结构的解析有助于科学地认识酱香型白酒酿造过程中产酒与风味代谢机理,为发酵过程的调控提供一定依据。     

上海环城林带景观美学评价及优化策略

选取上海环城林带7种植物群落,采用美景度评判法,从林内景观和林外景观2个空间层次和春、夏、秋、冬4个季节,应用数量化理论Ⅰ建立了美景度和各景观因子类目之间的景观评价与预测的多元回归模型,分析了群落的结构特征和季相特征对林内景观以及外貌特征对林外景观的影响,并提出相应的优化对策。结果表明:(1)群落结构特征对林内景观的影响主要因子为胸径(平均胸径和胸径变异系数)、郁闭度和疏透度。在春季,林内美景度随着树木胸径增大而增加;在夏季,郁闭度增大会提升林内美景度;在秋季,胸径变异小的群落具有更高的林内观赏性;在冬季,疏透度对林内景观美景度影响最大。(2)群落季相特征对林内景观的影响,在各季节表现亦不同。在春季,黄色、紫色等明度较高的色相和开花量适中的群落美景度最佳;在夏季,生长势好、林冠层变化小以及树干清晰度高的群落具较高的美景度,且观花可显著提高夏季林内美景度;在秋季,色彩越纯美景度越高;而在冬季,树皮颜色深的群落美景度高。(3)群落外貌特征对林外景观有显著影响,其中林冠线对林外景观美景度影响最大,其次为林缘线。具有起伏不大林冠线和自然流畅林缘线的植物群落美景度高。旨在通过对典型植被群落不同季相的美景度评价,对上海环城林带的群落景观进行定量的评价,进而为不同情景下的群落结构优化提出相应的对策,为城市森林的群落建构与管理提供科学依据。     

植物铝离子胁迫的研究方法综述

酸性土壤上,植物的生长受到很大的抑制,铝对植物的毒害是最主要的问题。为了揭示植物铝离子胁迫反应及其耐铝性的机理,科学家们进行了大量研究,取得了许多喜人的进展。根据前人研究,对植物铝离子胁迫的研究方法进行了综述。在试验材料的处理方面介绍了大田栽培、室外盆栽、室内盆栽、营养液栽培等方法;在耐铝性鉴定方面介绍了受害症状、根相对伸长率等直接鉴定法和化学染色、有机酸分泌量等间接鉴定法;在铝离子胁迫基因研究方面,介绍了基因定位技术、基因差异表达研究技术、蛋白质差异表达研究技术及转基因技术等研究方法。     

多样性指数公式在鸟类群落中应用的探讨

一、前言多样性是反映生物群落功能的组织特征,它与生境密切相关,可以作为生态学上的一个灵敏度指标;它是群落中关于丰富度和均匀度的一个函数,用其指数可以定量地分析群落的     

Human recombinant [C22A] FK506-binding protein amide hydrogen exchange rates from mass spectrometry match and extend those from NMR.

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange behavior of human recombinant [C22A] FK506 binding protein (C22A FKBP) has been determined by protein fragmentation, combined with electrospray Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MS). After a specified period of H/D exchange in solution, C22A FKBP was digested by pepsin under slow exchange conditions (pH 2.4, 0 degree C), and then subjected to on-line HPLC/MS for deuterium analysis of each proteolytic peptide. The hydrogen exchange rate of each individual amide hydrogen was then determined independently by heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR on 15N-enriched C22A FKBP. A maximum entropy method (MEM) algorithm makes it possible to derive the distributions of hydrogen exchange rate constants from the MS-determined deuterium exchange-in curves in either the holoprotein or its proteolytic segments. The MEM-derived rate constant distributions of C22A FKBP and different segments of C22A FKBP are compared to the rate constants determined by NMR for individual amide protons. The rate constant distributions determined by both methods are consistent and complementary, thereby validating protein fragmentation/mass spectrometry as a reliable measure of hydrogen exchange in proteins.     

烟台生态城市建设指标体系构建与评价

城市化进程导致的生态环境问题严重制约了城市的发展.建设生态城市是实现可持续发展的重要举措.该研究运用PSR模型建立烟台生态市建设的指标体系框架,在国家生态市建设指标的基础上针对沿海城市生态建设的特征构建了烟台生态市建设的指标体系,并运用全排列多边形图示指标法对烟台市进行了生态城市综合发展能力的趋势分析.结果表明,从2005年到2010年综合发展能力从一般到较好;根据《烟台生态市建设规划》的方案,预测到2020年综合发展能力将从2010年的较好发展到良好.此研究提出了具有针对性的管理措施.研究为烟台生态市建设提供了科学依据,对沿海生态城市评价指标体系的完善作了有益补充.     

树干径流过程的动态响应模型

本文用实验测试法测量了干流过程。结果表明,干流过程曲线与R-L-C电路瞬态响应过程(包括输入、输出曲线)极为相似。据此,可用R-L-C电路瞬态响应过程曲线拟合干流过程,求出解析解。在计算机上调试参数,讨论其水文学意义,定性分析参数与影响干流因子的关系,取得了满意的结果。     

大孔树脂纯化岩高兰多酚的工艺研究

为获得大孔树脂纯化岩高兰多酚的最佳工艺,以岩高兰的地上部分为原料,通过考察6种不同类型树脂(HPD-100、X-5、AB-8、D101、HPD-600、NKA-II)的含水率、吸附率和解吸率的大小,筛选出一种最适合纯化岩高兰多酚的树脂。在此基础上,选择对纯化工艺影响较大的4种因素(上样浓度、乙醇浓度、洗脱流速、洗脱体积),进行响应面法分析得到最佳工艺。结果表明:HPD-600型大孔树脂对岩高兰多酚的纯化效果最佳,其最优工艺参数为:上样浓度0.84 mg·mL^-1;乙醇浓度62.15%;洗脱流速0.67 mL·min^-1;洗脱体积2.71 BV。该条件下,岩高兰多酚的提取率为229.18 mg·g^-1,岩高兰多酚的纯度由8.11%提高到22.56%,回收率为67.78%。本研究为岩高兰多酚的纯化工艺提供了新的技术路线,也可为岩高兰提取物的研究和应用提供参考。