Can we consider the stocks of alfonsinos Beryx splendens and Beryx decadactylus from the Azores a discrete fishery management unit?

This paper summarises the detailed information on catch, fork length, weight, sex and maturity of alfonsinos Beryx splendens and Beryx decadactylus collected from targeted surveys in Azores waters, complemented by fishery data, over the past c. 20 years. To date, it was not possible to define if the Azorean component of the population can be considered as a discrete local management unit. The reason for this is the lack of available information for these resources covering the entire spatial distribution of the species in the North Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, there are some conflicts between the different genetic results available, poor understanding about the species movements and data from the Azores show some discrepancies in aspects of reproduction. Consequently, there is no analytical assessment for this resource and the stock of Beryx spp. is currently managed based on the precautionary approach. Outputs of recent analyses are presented in this study and possible assumptions and strategies for the assessment are discussed.     

Rediscovery of Leptopanchax splendens (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae): a seasonal killifish from the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil that was recently considered extinct

A recent collection of the seasonal killifish found Leptopanchax splendens c. 5 km from the type locality, 74 years after its last record. The species was historically common in its type locality, the Estrela River basin in south-eastern Brazil, until 1950, after which it was not encountered and thought to have become extinct due to widespread deforestation and urbanization in the region. Despite the rediscovery, this study finds that other recently published reports of L. splendens are misidentifications.     

Can infection by eugregarine parasites mediate species coexistence in Calopteryx damselflies?

1. Parasitism may be an important factor determining the coexistence of closely related species. Although host–parasite interactions can affect the ecology and distribution of the host species, virtually nothing is known about how other interspecific interactions affecting the host, such as competition or predation, relate to the parasite burden of the host. 2. We studied parasite‐mediated competition between two closely related Calopteryx damselflies, C. virgo L. and C. splendens Harris. We investigated a total of 31 populations, including 18 allopatric and 13 sympatric populations. We measured the occurrence of gut parasites, eugregarines. 3. We found that the prevalence of gregarines was higher in C. virgo than in C. splendens. On average, more than half of the C. virgo individuals were infected by eugregarines both in allopatric and sympatric populations. However, hardly any allopatric C. splendens populations had gregarines, but most of sympatric populations had infected individuals. 4. According to our results, co‐existence of the host species affects the likelihood of the subordinate species showing higher levels of parasitism. Interspecific aggression, lower species genetic heterozygosity, and the difference in host species immunity are proposed as possible explanations for greater parasite burdens in the inferior species at sympatric sites.     

铜毒对海州香薷（Elsholtzia splendens）不同种群光合作用和蒸腾作用的影响

通过水培实验,对种子分别来自湖北省铜绿山、赤马山铜矿区和红安非矿区的海州香薷种群在铜胁迫下的光合作用和蒸腾作用进行了比较研究。结果发现, 矿区两个种群在铜胁迫下的光合能力明显比非矿区种群强,尤其在高Cu(100μmol/M)处理更为显著：如铜绿山和赤马山叶片净光合速率分别为13.15μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1和12.59μmolCO₂ m^-2 s^-1,为红安种群(1.07μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)的13倍;铜绿山和赤马山种群的光能利用效率分别为0.0221μmol CO₂ μmol^-1和0.0224μmol CO₂ μmol^-1 photon,为红安种群(0.003μmolCO₂ μmol^-1 photon)的7倍。表观量子产额在两个矿区种群中没有明显的变化,低Cu (5和20μmol/L)处理促进了矿区种群叶绿素（Chl a 和Chl b）含量的增加,而非矿区种群的这两个指标则随处理浓度的增加而迅速下降。来自矿区两个种群的蒸腾速率受铜的胁迫影响较小,而来自非矿区种群随处理浓度的加大而明显降低,其叶片的蒸腾速率在5、20μmol/L和100μmol/L浓度处理时迅速下降为对照的62.74%、50.96%和42.6%;水分利用效率在矿区两个种群中随处理水平的增大而提高,在100μmol/L处理时铜绿山和赤马山种群分别是对照的161.83%和130.41%,而非矿区种群随处理浓度的增加而急剧降低。另外,矿区两个种群的呼吸速率和气孔阻力随处理浓度的降低和升高的幅度明显比非矿区小。总之,在铜污染胁迫下,矿区种群保持的这种生理生态特性是其能在这种环境中正常生长定居的重要原因,是其长期进化的结果。     

Trade-off between leaf size and vein density of Achnatherum splendens in Zhangye wetland

Aims Trade-offs between leaf size and vein density are the basis of the theory of leaf economics spectrum, and are to understand the relationship between the physical build and physiological metabolism of plant leaves under different degrees of competition for resources. Our objective was to study the changes in the relationship between leaf size and vein density (leaf dry biomass and leaf area) in Achnatherum splendens populations with four plant bundle densities located in the flood plain wetland of Zhangye. Methods The study site was located at floodplain wetlands of Zhangye, Gansu Province, China. Survey and sampling were carried out in the communities that A. splendens dominated. According to the plant bundle density, the A. splendens communities were divided into four density gradients with “bundle” for the sampling units, high density (I, > 12 bundle·m^-2), medium density (II, 8-12 bundle·m^-2), medium density (III, 4-8 bundle·m^-2) and Low density (IV, <4 bundle·m^-2). According to the density of each combination, we chose seven (5 m × 5 m) A. splendens samples, resulting in a total of 28 samples (4 × 7). The soil physical and chemical properties of four density gradients were investigated and six samples of A. splendens were used to measure the leaf area, leaf dry biomass and vein density in laboratory, and biomass of different organs was measured after being dried at 85 °C in an oven. 28 plots were categorized into three groups: high, medium and low density, and the standardized major axis (SMA) estimation method was used to examine the allometric relationships between leaf area, leaf dry biomass and vein density. Important findings The results showed that with the population density changed from high, medium, to low, the soil moisture decreased, and soil electric conductivityincreased. The leaf area, leaf biomass and height of A. splendens decreased, and the vein density, specific leaf area and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased gradually. In addition, leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and twig number firstly increased then decreased. There was a highly significantly negative correlation (p < 0.01) between the leaf size and vein density on the high- and low-level densities (I, IV), whereas less significant (p < 0.05) on the level of medium density (II, III). The SMA slope of regression equation in the scaling relationships between leaf size and vein density was significantly smaller than -1 (p < 0.05).     

海州香薷挥发油成份研究

香薷属(Elsholtzta)植物约40种,我国有33种,15变种及5变型,分布极广。香薷为常用中药,以全草入药。中医用于发表解暑、行水利湿,治疗暑湿感冒等。其挥发油具有广谱抗菌     

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Leaf Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis of Elsholtzia argyi—A Cadmium Accumulating Plant

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters on a Cd accumulating plant of Elsholtzia argyi. Four weeks-seedlings of E. argyi were treated with 0 (CK) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and 100 μmol L^?1 Cd for 21days. Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, qP, ΦPSП, ETR and Fv′/Fm′ were significantly increased under low Cd (5–15 μmol L^?1 for Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm and qP, 5–10 μmol L^?1 for ΦPSП, ETR and Fv′/Fm′) stress, and these parameters were similar to control under Cd ≤ 50μmol L^?1. All above parameters were significantly decreased at 100 μmol L^?1 Cd. Compared with control, Pn was significantly (P < 0.05) increased under 5–30 μmol L^?1 Cd. However, 50 and 100 μmol L^?1 Cd significantly (P < 0.05) reduced it. Gs and Tr were substantially decreased at 50–100 and 40–100 μmol L^?1 Cd, respectively. Ci was significantly increased at 50 and 100 μmol L^?1 Cd. High Cd-induced decrease of Pn is not only connected to stomatal limitation but also to the inhibition of Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSП, qP, ETR and increase of NPQ. Maintain chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis parameters under its Cd tolerance threshold were one of tolerance mechanisms in E. argyi.     

土壤理化性质与海州香薷(Elsholtzia splendens Nakai)铜锌积累的关系

土壤理化性质是决定重金属矿山废弃地植被恢复效率和成败的重要因素之一。选取芜湖市南陵县境内大工山-凤凰山古铜矿区的3处弃土场和两处对照点,调查了其植被覆盖度、物种组成,并分析了土壤性质与海州香薷铜、锌积累的相关性。结果显示,矿区土壤污染程度随废弃时间的增加和植物多样性的提高而降低,但仍未达到安全水平。海州香薷对铜、锌的积累主要发生在地下部分,地上部分的最高铜浓度为179.83mg/kg,远未达到铜超积累植物的标准,只是一种规避植物。海州香薷的铜、锌积累量主要取决于土壤铜、锌浓度水平,同时与土壤全磷、有效磷和pH值等因素显著相关,而与土壤有机质无相关性;并且海州香薷对铜、锌两种主要污染元素的积累可能存在某种协同作用。     

抗氧化系统在海州香薷耐铜机制中的作用

利用溶液培养的方法研究了铜胁迫下海州香薷根系和地上部分MDA含量,各种抗氧化酶及非酶抗氧化系统的变化。结果表明,不同浓度铜处理8d后,海州香薷根系中MDA含量显著增加,叶片中则无显著变化;根系中SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性和叶片中POD、SOD的活性随铜处理浓度的增加而显著增加,而50-200μmol·L^-1。铜处理条件下叶片中CAT、APX、GR活性与对照相比无明显差异。除CAT外,根系中这些抗氧化酶的活性都远远大于叶片中的活力。另外,实验结果表明,50μmol·L^-1 Cu^2＋对海州香薷的生物量并没有显著影响,当铜浓度达到100和200μmol·L^-1。时,铜则可显著降低海州香薷根系的生物量,对地上部生物量仍无显著影响。     

干旱区沙枣-芨芨草群落土壤有机碳的空间格局

对宁夏干旱区的沙枣 芨芨草群落进行调查,分析土壤有机碳含量与地下生物量、土壤水分等因子的关系,以及土壤有机碳的积累机制.结果表明: 在沙枣-芨芨草群落中,随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机碳含量逐渐减少,且在水平和垂直方向上的变化格局较为平缓.不同区位土壤有机碳含量与其影响因子的相关性具有明显差异.0～30 cm层中,土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈显著负相关;60～150 cm层中,土壤有机碳含量与根系生物量及土壤含水率呈显著正相关.经偏回归分析,0～30 cm层土壤中芨芨草根系生物量密度对土壤有机碳含量具有显著贡献;60～150 cm层中土壤有机碳格局主要受沙枣根系和土壤含水率的影响;而30～60 cm层土壤有机碳含量与根系生物量密度和土壤含水率的关系不显著.在沙枣 芨芨草群落内,不同层次、不同区位的土壤有机碳积累机制具有明显的差异.