The role of oxygen availability in the embryonation of Heterakis gallinarum eggs.

The importance of oxygen availability in the embryonation of the infective egg stages of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Heterakis gallinarum was studied in the laboratory. Unembryonated H. gallinarum eggs were kept under either aerobic conditions by gassing with oxygen, or anaerobic conditions by gassing with the inert gas nitrogen, under a range of constant temperatures. Oxygenated eggs embryonated at a rate influenced by temperature. Conversely, eggs treated with nitrogen showed no embryonation although when these eggs were transferred from nitrogen to oxygen gas after 60 days of treatment, embryonation occurred. This demonstrated that oxygen is an essential requirement for H. gallinarum egg development, although undeveloped eggs remain viable, even after 60 days in low oxygen conditions. The effects of climate on the biology of free-living stages studied under constant laboratory conditions cannot be applied directly to the field where climatic factors exhibit daily cycles. The effect of fluctuating temperature on development was investigated by including an additional temperature group in which H. gallinarum eggs were kept under daily temperature cycles between 12 and 22°C. Cycles caused eggs to develop significantly earlier than those in the constant mean cycle temperature, 17°C, but significantly slower than those in constant 22°C suggesting that daily temperature cycles had an accelerating effect on H. gallinarum egg embryonation but did not accelerate to the higher temperature. These results suggest that daily fluctuations in temperature influence development of the free-living stages and so development cannot be accurately predicted on the basis of constant temperature culture.     

Effects of different sterols on the inhibition of cell culture growth caused by the growth retardant tetcyclacis

Cell division in cell suspension cultures can be completely blocked by the growth retardant tetcyclacis at a concentration of 10^-4 mol l^-1. In rice cells it has been demonstrated that the growth inhibition can be completely overcome by application of cholesterol independent of the duration of pretreatment with tetcyclacis. In suspension cultures of maize and soybean, too, the effect of tetcyclacis on cell division was neutralized by adding cholesterol. Other plant sterols, stigmasterol, campesterol and sitosterol were active in a decreasing order. Modifications in the cholesterol perhydro-cyclopentanophenanthrene-ring system indicate that the hydroxyl group at C-3 and the double bond between C-5 and C-6 in ring B are required for the activity. In contrast, gibberellic acid as well as ent-kaurenoic acid could not compensate retardant effects. Likewise, tetcyclasis did not change the level of gibberellins in rice cells as shown by radioimmunoassay. Thus, it is concluded that in cell suspension cultures sterols play a more important role in cell division than gibberellins.Abbreviation GA_x gibberelin A_x     

An isozyme-specific selective system for the recovery of mammalian cells deficient in hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity

A selective system toxic towards mammalian cells expressing the liver-specific isozyme of alcohol dehydrogenase (L-ADH) has been developed. A number of alpha-unsaturated primary and secondary alcohols were assayed for their ability to serve as substrates for rat liver ADH and were screened for cytotoxicity towards L-ADH+ and L-ADH- cells. 1-Propen-3-ol and 1-penten-3-ol were identified as agents showing selective cytotoxicity. Reconstruction experiments demonstrated that 1-propen-3-ol at a concentration of 15 microM could be used to recover L-ADH- clones from mixed populations of L-ADH+ and L-ADH cells. Cells expressing the non-allelic S-ADH isozyme were not killed under these conditions. The selective system defined in this report is thus isozyme-specific.     

Comparison of the roles of neurohormones in the regulation of blood distribution from the hearts of American and Japanese lobsters

The decapod cardiovascular system consists of a single ventricle that pumps blood into seven arteries; previous work has shown that the outflow distribution patterns of intact animals are variable. In the present study, flow recordings were made from pairs of arteries in semi-isolated hearts whilst different cardioactive hormones were infused into the heart. Each hormone (5-hydroxytryptamine, octopamine, dopamine, proctolin and F1) changed the outflow pattern, heart rate and ventricular pressure in a unique way. The probable sites of hormone action are the cardioarterial valves located at the origin of each artery except one, the dorsal abdominal. Outflow from the dorsal abdominal is controlled downstream by valves located at the origin of the segmental lateral arteries. The responses to a particular hormone were sometimes different between the hearts of American and Japanese lobsters. Accepted: 11 May 1998     

Pharmacological and Physicochemical Properties of Pre-Versus Postsynaptic 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A Receptor Binding Sites in the Rat Brain: A Quantitative Autoradiographic Study

Numerous data suggested that the pharmacological and biochemical properties of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptors exhibit some regional differences in the CNS, notably within the raphe nuclei compared with various forebrain areas (such as the hippocampus). This possibility has been further investigated in the dorsal raphe nucleus and two areas within the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus and the CA1 area, using the quantitative autoradiographic technique. The potencies of 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate to inhibit the specific binding of 125I-Bolton-Hunter-8-methoxy-2-(N-propyl-N-propylamino)tetralin (125I-BH-8-MeO-N-PAT) to 5-HT1A sites and of N-ethylmaleimide to block these sites irreversibly were identical in the dorsal raphe nucleus and the hippocampal areas in rat brain sections. In contrast, slight but significant differences were noted in the pH dependence and pharmacological properties of 5-HT1A sites labeled by 125I-BH-8-MeO-N-PAT in these three regions. Similarly, heat denaturation experiments and tissue exposure to either phospholipase A2 or the alkylating agent 8-methoxy-2-(N-2'-chloropropyl,N-propyl)aminotetraline revealed regional differences in the properties of 5-HT1A sites. However, in most cases, the observed variations were of greater amplitude between the CA1 area and the dentate gyrus, where 5-HT1A sites are located postsynaptically, than between any one of these areas and the dorsal raphe nucleus where they act as (presynaptic) somatodendritic autoreceptors. These data further support that subtypes of 5-HT1A receptors probably exist in the rat brain, but this heterogeneity seems unrelated to the pre- or post-synaptic location of these receptors.     

An Efficient Regression Type Estimator in Survey Sampling

For the estimation of population mean in simple random sampling, an efficient regression-type estimator is proposed which is more efficient than the conventional regression estimator and hence than mean per unit estimator, ratio and product estimators and many other estimators proposed by various authors. Some numerical examples are included for illustration.     

Fluorescent analysis of alpha-keto acids in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography

A selective procedure using synthetic substrates for determination of exo-1,4,-beta-glucanases in a mixture of exoglucanases , endoglucanases , and beta-glucosidases is formulated. The heterobiosides , p- nithrophenyl -beta-D- cellobioside ( pNPC ) or p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-lactoside ( pNPL ), were used as selective substrates for the measurement of exoglucanase activity. The exoglucanases (especially cellobiohydrolases , which split off cellobiose units from the nonreducing end of the cellulose chain) specifically act on the agluconic bond (between p-nitrophenyl and the disaccharide moiety) and not on the holosidic bond (between the two glucose units of cellobiose). The interfering effect of beta-glucosidase, which acts on both agluconic and holosidic bonds, is overcome by the addition of D-glucono-1,5-delta-lactone, a specific inhibitor of beta-glucosidases. The interference of endoglucanases , which also act on both agluconic and holosidic bonds, can be compensated for by prior standardization of the assay procedure with a purified endoglucanase from the studied mixture of cellulases.     

Dimeric chromenes and mixed dimers of a chromene with euparin from Encelia canescens

The investigation of Encelia canescens afforded, in addition to several known compounds, four new dimeric p-hydroxyacetophenone derivatives, two epimeric chromene dimers and two epimeric mixed dimers of euparin and encecalin. Furthermore, derivatives of tremetone and of encecalin were present. The structures were elucidated hy high field ¹H NMR spectroscopy.     

Sexual dimorphism in the pyrgomorphid grasshopper Phymateus morbillosus: from wing morphometry and flight behaviour to flight physiology and endocrinology

Abstract In the field, adult males of the grasshopper Phymateus morbillosus are able to fly for up to 1 min and cover up to c. 100 m, whereas females, although fully winged, are apparently unable to get airborne. Morphometric data indicate that the males are lighter, have longer wings, a higher ratio of flight muscles to body mass, and a lower wing load value than females. It was investigated whether this inability of females to fly is related to fuel storage, flight muscle enzymatic design and/or the presence and quantitative capacity of the endocrine system to mobilize fuels. In both sexes, readily available potential energy substrates are present in the haemolymph in similar concentrations, and the amount of glycogen in flight muscles and fat bodies does not differ significantly between males and females. Mass-specific activities of the enzymes GAPDH (glycolysis), HOAD (fatty acid oxidation) and MDH (citric acid cycle) in flight muscles are significantly lower in females compared with males, and mitochondria are less abundant in the flight muscles of females. There is no significant difference between the ability of the two sexes to oxidize various important substrates. Both sexes contain three adipokinetic peptides in their corpora cardiaca; the amount of each peptide in female grasshoppers is higher than in males.
Thus, despite some differences listed above, both sexes appear to have sufficient substrates and the necessary endocrine complement to engage in flight. It seems more likely, from the morphometric data above, that the chief reason for flightlessness is that P. morbillosus females cannot produce sufficient lift for flight; alternatively, the neuronal functioning associated with the flight muscles may be impaired in females.