Actinomycetous root nodules in angiosperms of Pakistan

Summary In a survey, out of the nineteen genera of non-leguminous angiosperms that are already reported to bear actinomycete-induced nitrogen-fixing root nodules from various parts of the world, the species of seven genera (Alnus, Elaeagnus, Hippophaë, Coriaria, Datisca, Rubus and Casuarina) have been located in Pakistan and checked for nodulation. All the investigated species of the these genera, except those of Rubus and some of the introduced species of Casuarina, were found to bear nodules. In all 12 species belonging to six genera of five families have been recorded to bear actinorhizal nodules in Pakistan.     

国家二级保护植物翅果油树传粉生物学的初步研究

对翅果油树进行了传粉生物学的野外观察和实验表明：（1）翅果油树的花具有自花传粉的结构特征,同时具有蜜腺,又具备异花传粉的特征。传粉者主要是一种家养的蜜蜂。（2）翅果油树花形态结构与传粉者的形态和传粉行为非常协调和适应,昆虫的传粉部位主要是头前部和胸部。（3）蜜腺的产蜜量大,开花后1～2天蜜腺分泌量最大。对传粉昆虫竞争中具明显优势。昆虫的访花频率明显高于同花期的其他植物。（4）翅果油树没有融合生殖现象。     

Characterization of diverse plant communities in Aspen Parkland rangeland using LiDAR data

Question: How effective is high-resolution airborne LiDAR technology for quantifying biophysical characteristics of multiple community types within diverse rangeland environments? Location: Native Aspen Parkland vegetation in central Alberta, Canada. Methods: Vegetation within 117 reference plots stratified across eight types, including forest, shrubland, upland grassland and lowland meadow communities, were assessed in 2001 for the height, cover and density of vegetation within various strata (herb, shrub and tree layers). Actual ground data were subsequently compared against modelled values for each community type and strata derived from the analysis of airborne LiDAR data obtained in 2000. Results: LiDAR data were effective for quantifying vegetation height, cover and density of the overstory within closed- and open Populus forest communities. However, LiDAR measurements typically underestimated the height and cover of shrublands, as well as most of the herbaceous communities. Analysis of LiDAR intensity data indicated reflectance generally decreased as LiDAR sampling points moved upwards from the ground to the vegetation canopy. Conclusions: While LiDAR technology is useful for characterizing deciduous forest properties, the quantification of understory vegetation characteristics, as well as those of individual shrublands and grasslands, was more limiting. Further refinements in analysis methods are necessary to increase the reliability of characterizing these communities.     

羊奶果果实加工技术

羊奶果果实鲜食涩味大,从去除果实的涩味入手,研究加工技术,研制出色泽乳白、风味独特的羊奶果天然果汁饮料和酸甜可口的羊奶果蜜饯,提高了其经济价值。     

Studies of Seedling Inoculation of Frankia in Elaeagnus mollis Diels

The research on the preparation of Frankia solution, seedling culture and inoculation was carried out. Results indicated that the collective amount of cells may be increased when the logarithm phase cells were used as the inoculum and regularly homogenizing and transplanting inoculum by the method of magnetic stirring were adopted during the cultural process of Frankia. The inoculative tests verified that the strain with the highest ability to infect Elaeagnus mollis Diels is SIB 1301118 isolated from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. other than SIB 1332281 isolated from Elaeagnus mollis Diels. The effectivities of inoculation for germinating seeds and the seedlings to be transplanted were seed soaking and root soaking in Frankia solution preparel respectively. Early inoculation was beneficial to the growth and nodulation of seedings. The fefectivity of late inoculation was bad. Sand-soil mixture (2:1) was properly suitable to the seed germination and seedling growth. The seedling growth and nodulative rate could be promoted when 1/4 Sileris-Yong nutrient solution was suppplimented regularly.     

Responses of apical ion fluxes to NaCl stress in Elaeagnus angustifolia seedlings

Aims Elaeagnus angustifolia is one of the most salt-tolerant species. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms of ion transporation in E. angustifolia exposed to different salt concentrations through manipulations of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis.
Methods Seedlings of two variants of the species, Yinchuan provenance (YC, salt-sensitive type) and the Alaer provenance (ALE, salt-tolerant type), were treated with three different NaCl application modes, and the ion fluxes in the apical regions were measured using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT). In mode 1, Na⁺ and K⁺ fluxes were measured after 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress lasted for 24 h. In mode 2, K⁺ and H⁺ fluxes were quantified with a transient stimulation of NaCl solution. In mode 3, Amiloride (Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters inhibitor) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, K⁺ channel inhibitor) was used to treat apical regions of E. angustifolia seedlings after NaCl stress for 24 h, respectively.
Important findings Under NaCl stress for 24 h, net effluxes of Na⁺ and K⁺ were increased significantly. The net Na⁺ effluxes of YC provenance seedlings (720 pmol·cm^-2•s^-1) were lower than that of ALE provenance (912 pmol·cm^-2·s^-1), but the net K⁺ efflux was higher in YC provenance. Under the instantaneous NaCl stimulation, net K⁺ efflux was remarkably increased, with the net K⁺ efflux of YC provenance always higher than that of ALE provenance. Interestingly, H⁺ at the apical regions was found from influx to efflux, with the net H⁺ efflux of ALE provenance greater than that of the YC provenance. Under the NaCl and NaCl + Amiloride treatment, the net Na⁺ efflux of ALE provenance seedlings was higher than that of YC provenance, while the net K⁺ efflux was less in ALE provenance seedlings. On the other hand, the differences in net Na⁺ and K⁺ effluxes were insignificant between the two provenances under the control group and NaCl + TEA treatment. In conclusion, NaCl stress caused Na⁺ accumulation and K⁺ outflows of E. angustifolia seedlings; The E. angustifolia seedlings utilize Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters to reduce Na⁺ accumulation by excretion; and the maintenance of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis in salt-tolerant E. angustifolia provenance seedlings roots accounted for a greater Na⁺ extrusion and a lower K⁺ efflux under NaCl stress. Results from this study provide a theoretical basis for further exploring salt-tolerant E. angustifolia germplasm resource.     

山西牛奶子群落优势种种间关联性研究

基于2×2联列表,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量分析方法对山西牛奶子群落的25个优势种,共300个种对间的关联性进行分析研究。结果表明,25个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈不显著关联,种的分布相对独立。χ2检验结果有121个种对呈正相关,155个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.78;Pearson相关系数检验有111个种对呈正相关,189个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.59;Spearman秩相关系数检验有128个种对呈正相关,172个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.74;Spearman秩相关系数比Pearson相关系数的检验方法灵敏度更高。山西牛奶子群落总体上呈不显著负关联,表明其处于演替过程的初期。     

土壤水分对翅果油树幼苗生理生化特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了土壤水分含量对翅果油树幼苗地上部分和根系生物量和含水量,以及叶片保水力、相对电导率和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:与对照(处理前)相比,各土壤水分条件下翅果油树幼苗叶片保水力均降低,而叶片相对电导率(REC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均升高.随着土壤含水量的降低,幼苗地上部分和根系的生物量、含水量及叶片保水力均呈先升高后降低的趋势,而叶片REC、SOD和POD活性均呈先降低后升高趋势,并均以轻度干旱胁迫处理(田间持水量的55%~60%)的REC、SOD和POD活性最低,而叶片保水力最高.在相同土壤水分条件下,随着处理时间的延长,叶片REC逐渐升高,而叶片保水力降低,SOD和POD活性先升后降并以处理10d时活性最高.研究发现,在轻度干旱胁迫下,翅果油树幼苗能协调其保护酶系统降低干旱伤害,维持正常生长,表现出一定的抗旱能力.     

翅果油树群落优势种群生态位分析

应用Shannon-Weaver指数和Petraitis的方法,研究了山西翅果油树群落21个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位普遍重叠和特定重叠,结果表明：翅果油树和黄刺玫的生态位宽度最大,这主要是由于它们具有广泛的适应性。翅果油树在其它种群上的特定重叠远远小于其余20种植物在翅果油树群种上的特定重叠值。21个优势种群之间并不存在完全的普遍重叠。主要与它们对水分和光照不同的适应性有关。草本植物之间的特定重叠大于灌木。21种植物仅有4个种对(本氏针茅和野古草、野古草与本氏针茅、本氏针茅与多花枸子木和金花忍冬与白刺花)之间存在完全的特定重叠。