The management of episiotomy technique and its effect on pelvic floor muscles during a malposition childbirth

Vaginal childbirth is the leading cause of pelvic floor muscles injury, which contributes to pelvic floor dysfunction, being enhanced by fetal malposition. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to verify the influence of mediolateral episiotomies in the mechanics of the pelvic floor with the fetus in occiput posterior position when compared to the occiput anterior position. Numerical simulations of vaginal deliveries, with and without episiotomy, are performed based on the Finite Element Method. The biomechanical model includes the pelvic floor muscles, a surface to delimit the anterior region of the birth canal and a fetus. Fetal malposition induces greater extension of the muscle compared to the normal position, leading to increases of stretch. The faster enlargement may be responsible for a prolonged second stage of labor. Regarding the force required to achieve delivery, the difference between the analyzed cases are 35 N, which might justify the increased need of surgical interventions. Furthermore, episiotomy is essential in reducing the damage to values near the ones obtained with normal position, making the fetal position irrelevant. These biomechanical models have become extremely useful tools to provide some understanding of pelvic floor function during delivery helping in the development of preventative strategies.     

A neurodevelopmental disorder with a nonsense mutation in the Ox-2 antigen domain of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene

We report a patient, an infant with a neurodevelopmental disorder manifesting intractable complex partial epilepsy, bull's eye maculopathy, microcephaly, bilateral cataracts, truncal hypotonia, and spasticity of all four extremities. Sequencing of genomic DNA revealed mutations in (a) exon 8 (Ox-2 antigen domain) of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene: c.1075C>T, p.Arg359^* (b) exon 8 of the senataxin (SETX) gene: c.4738C>T, p.Arg1580Cys, and (c) exon 2 of the ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 8 (CLN8) gene: c.685C>G, p.Pro229Ala. Using a quantitative method for measurement of various APP-mRNA isoforms, we found that the APP-mRNA isoform of 624 bp with a deletion starting after 49 bp of the 5′ end of exon 3 followed by a complete deletion of exons 4–15, mutations in exon 1: c.22C>T, p.L18F, and exon 3: c.269A>G, p.Q90R encoding APP₂₀₇ isoform was the most abundant one, and would appear to be responsible for the clinical manifestations. This is the first example that may underline the role of the epigenetic regulation in the expression of APP gene leading to a neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from a nonsense mutation in the Ox-2 antigen domain.     

豫中褐土耕地土壤性质空间分异及质量评价

以河南省中部褐土集中分布区禹州县文殊镇为例,基于GIS对该镇进行500 m×500 m规则网格布点248个,将布点图层与土壤图进行叠加分析建立空间数据库,作为野外GPS定位精确采样的依据.野外实际共采集202个点的土壤样品（0～20 cm）,其中随机均匀选取34个点进行容重环刀采样.获取有机质、速效K、速效P、pH值、全N、全P、质地、阳离子交换量(CEC)、缓效K和容重10项土壤指标作为耕地土壤质量评价的因素.对指标进行数据统计分析,运用层次分析法（AHP）计算排列出评价因子的权重,运用普通Kriging插值法得出研究区10项土壤理化性质空间分异及土壤质量等级分布和面积.结果表明：研究区褐土耕地土壤质量属于较好的水平,其中优、中等占95%以上,差等只有不到5%.     

农地整理中路沟渠生态化设计研究进展

农地整理是人类对农田生态系统的强烈干扰.传统农地整理中路沟渠设计的主要技术经济指标是方便生产通行和调配水资源以及提高水的利用率,尚缺少系统化、生态化考量,已经影响了农田物种扩散,导致生物栖息地环境的退化,并对农田生态系统的生物竞争机制、缓冲和补偿能力、抵御虫害能力产生了显著的负效应.本文系统总结了路沟渠生态化的功能,着重介绍了近年来生态化路沟渠的形式与结构设计、路沟渠生态工法参数的试验以及路沟渠生态材料选择的技术和方法.未来的相关研究应根据各级道路、灌排沟渠的不同功能要求和规格,按照田间不同生物的习性和栖息要求,精确设计能够满足大多数生物需求的农田路沟渠形态、结构和控制性尺寸,切实解决农地整理带来的上述问题.     

多源多角度遥感数据反演森林叶面积指数方法

利用北京1号和Landsat多源数据组合成4个角度多波段数据集, 在考虑森林三维垂直分布特点的基础上, 结合INFORM几何光学与辐射传输混合模型, 通过聚类+神经元网络方式, 建立相应的多源多角度LAI反演模型。最后利用实地LAI测量数据和MODIS LAI产品, 对不同角度组合和噪声水平下的LAI反演结果进行验证。结果表明: 在保证数据质量的条件下, 通过增加角度可以提高森林的LAI反演精度, 最终R²=0.713, RMSE=0.957, 比单个角度的反演精度平均提高约20%。     

蚯蚓野外采样方法评述

蚯蚓作为土壤生态系统的关键组成部分,不但可以改善土壤结构,而且与许多生物化学养分循环直接相关,对土壤质量改善和土壤生产力提高起到至关重要的作用.然而,蚯蚓野外采样方法的系统研究和评估还比较缺乏,在国内尤其少见.本文综述了目前国内外常见蚯蚓野外采样方法的操作过程、优缺点、有效性以及对蚯蚓种群特征研究结果可能产生的影响,认为在允许扰动土壤的区域,利用驱虫剂与手拣法相结合进行蚯蚓采样能够较为准确地反映蚯蚓种群和生物量的真实特征;在不能扰动土壤的区域异硫氰酸烯丙酯(AITC)溶液方法是最佳选择.     

土层浅薄地区植物水分来源研究方法

植物水分来源取决于环境中有效水的分布及植物获取水分的能力.旱季,土层浅薄地区土壤水无法满足植物生长的需要,植物能否利用风化基岩层水分是其能否维持正常水分消耗的关键.本文综述了4种土层浅薄地区植物水分来源的研究方法,包括调查和分析植物根系生长与分布特征、监测地表以下各层次水分变化、监测并分析植物体水分指标季节变化以及运用稳定同位素技术区分植物水分来源,并进一步分析了各种方法的优势和局限性及其在我国西南喀斯特地区植物水分来源研究中的应用前景.