Latent heat exchange in the boreal and arctic biomes

In this study latent heat flux (λE) measurements made at 65 boreal and arctic eddy‐covariance (EC) sites were analyses by using the Penman–Monteith equation. Sites were stratified into nine different ecosystem types: harvested and burnt forest areas, pine forests, spruce or fir forests, Douglas‐fir forests, broadleaf deciduous forests, larch forests, wetlands, tundra and natural grasslands. The Penman–Monteith equation was calibrated with variable surface resistances against half‐hourly eddy‐covariance data and clear differences between ecosystem types were observed. Based on the modeled behavior of surface and aerodynamic resistances, surface resistance tightly control λE in most mature forests, while it had less importance in ecosystems having shorter vegetation like young or recently harvested forests, grasslands, wetlands and tundra. The parameters of the Penman–Monteith equation were clearly different for winter and summer conditions, indicating that phenological effects on surface resistance are important. We also compared the simulated λE of different ecosystem types under meteorological conditions at one site. Values of λE varied between 15% and 38% of the net radiation in the simulations with mean ecosystem parameters. In general, the simulations suggest that λE is higher from forested ecosystems than from grasslands, wetlands or tundra‐type ecosystems. Forests showed usually a tighter stomatal control of λE as indicated by a pronounced sensitivity of surface resistance to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit. Nevertheless, the surface resistance of forests was lower than for open vegetation types including wetlands. Tundra and wetlands had higher surface resistances, which were less sensitive to vapor pressure deficits. The results indicate that the variation in surface resistance within and between different vegetation types might play a significant role in energy exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere. These results suggest the need to take into account vegetation type and phenology in energy exchange modeling.     

植被对亚热带城市生态系统CO2通量的影响

城市是陆地生态系统的主要碳源,而城市植被是城市区域缓解人类活动所释放的二氧化碳的主要碳汇,但对城市植被对城市大气二氧化碳的影响方面的研究比较缺乏,尤其是发展中国家。发展中国家多数处于亚热带气候区,且发展中国家城市化进程较快,为推进不同生态系统类型碳循环的研究,该研究以位于中国东南部的上海市奉贤大学城为案例,研究该区域植被对亚热带城市生态系统CO_2通量的影响。使用上海市奉贤大学城的涡动相关通量观测站点所观测和记录的2016年10月1日至2017年9月30日共计12个月的通量,气象数据结合遥感数据分析了该研究区的CO_2通量动态特征及其影响因子,主要结论是:(1)整个生态系统全年CO_2通量总交换量为9664.06μmol m~(-2)a~(-1)即表现为碳源。CO_2通量增长率在2017年5月6日达到最低为-4.48μmol m~(-2)d~(-1)在2017年7月30日的CO_2通量增长率为0,在2017年8月30日达到最高为2.24μmol m~(-2)d~(-1),生长季CO_2通量交换量为2169.58μmol m~(-2)月~(-1)低于非生长季的CO_2通量交换量(7494.48μmol m~(-2)月~(-1));(2)不同风区的CO_2通量特征不同,主要表现为随着植被面积的上升CO_2通量有下降的趋势,生长季CO_2通量均值的最低值出现在西北风区为0.09μmol m~(-2)s~(-1);(3) CO_2通量与叶面积指数呈现负相关关系,即随着叶面积指数的上升CO_2通量有下降的趋势。植物的生长状况和其生理活动影响亚热带城市生态系统的碳循环过程,该研究可以为量化城市植被对大气二氧化碳的影响提供参考,同时为亚热带地区建设绿色低碳城市提供服务。     

三江源区退化高寒草甸蒸散特征及冻融变化对其的影响

蒸散(ET)是陆地生态系统水分收支的重要分量。为探究三江源区退化高寒草甸的蒸散特征,基于2016和2017年涡度相关和微气象系统的观测数据,定量研究了其生态系统的蒸散变化及其环境和生物因子的影响。为深入探讨不同时段的蒸散变化,根据土壤冻融状态和植被生长状况进一步将年蒸散划分为3个时段:冻结期、冻融交替期和消融期,其中在消融期中又划分出植物生长季(5—9月),并探讨了土壤冻融对年蒸散量的影响。结果表明:研究区2016和2017年的降水量分别为451.8 mm和442.3 mm,但2017年ET为485.6 mm,明显高于2016年的428.6 mm,两年ET的季节变化趋势相同,ET的最高值出现在生长旺季的7—8月,最低值出现在12月或1月,生长季ET分别占全年ET的73%和72%。2017年的冻结期和冻融交替期比2016年分别减少了8 d,2017年消融期的蒸散量比2016年增加了63.1 mm,其中生长季的蒸散量多36.3 mm。2016和2017年消融期的日蒸散速率分别为1.81 mm/d和1.97 mm/d,其中生长季为2.05 mm/d和2.29 mm/d,冻融交替期分别为0.9...     

南北过渡带常绿落叶阔叶混交林碳通量特征及其对环境因子的响应

森林生态系统强大的碳源/汇功能是实现"碳中和"和"碳达峰"战略目标最经济、有效的自然气候解决方案和固碳增汇手段。准确评估森林生态系统的碳汇能力,对于明确森林碳储量有重要意义。为明确亚热带-暖温带气候过渡带的常绿落叶阔叶混交林的碳通量特征及其驱动因素,2011-2020年利用涡度相关法开展了大别山常绿落叶阔叶混交林碳通量和环境要素的观测试验。结果表明:大别山常绿落叶阔叶混交林净生态系统CO₂交换量、生态系统呼吸(Reco)、总初级生态生产力分别为-788.13 gC m^-2 a^-1、1074.14 gC m^-2 a^-1、1862.27 gC m^-2 a^-1,该森林生态系统整体表现为碳汇,其固碳能力与相近纬度的常绿落叶阔叶混交林基本持平,并高于针阔叶混交林、毛竹林等其他类型的森林生态系统。10年间,大别山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的固碳能力有所增强。影响大别山常绿落叶阔叶混交林碳通量的主要环境因子为温度与太阳辐射,气温(Ta)、净辐射(Rn)、光合有效辐射和总辐射与生态系统碳生产力和GPP呈显著正相关(P＜0.001),Reco与Ta和Rn呈显著正相关(P＜0.001)。研究结果为气候变化响应敏感的南北气候过渡带森林生态系统的碳储量估算、碳循环过程模拟提供观测数据支持和科学依据。     

The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon and water

For surface fluxes of carbon dioxide, the net daily flux is the sum of daytime and nighttime fluxes of approximately the same magnitude and opposite direction. The net flux is therefore significantly smaller than the individual flux measurements and error assessment is critical in determining whether a surface is a net source or sink of carbon dioxide. For carbon dioxide flux measurements, it is an occasional misconception that the net flux is measured as the difference between the net upward and downward fluxes (i.e. a small difference between large terms). This is not the case. The net flux is the sum of individual (half-hourly or hourly) flux measurements, each with an associated error term. The question of errors and uncertainties in long-term flux measurements of carbon and water is addressed by first considering the potential for errors in flux measuring systems in general and thus errors which are relevant to a wide range of timescales of measurement. We also focus exclusively on flux measurements made by the micrometeorological method of eddy covariance. Errors can loosely be divided into random errors and systematic errors, although in reality any particular error may be a combination of both types. Systematic errors can be fully systematic errors (errors that apply on all of the daily cycle) or selectively systematic errors (errors that apply to only part of the daily cycle), which have very different effects. Random errors may also be full or selective, but these do not differ substantially in their properties. We describe an error analysis in which these three different types of error are applied to a long-term dataset to discover how errors may propagate through long-term data and which can be used to estimate the range of uncertainty in the reported sink strength of the particular ecosystem studied.     

Phenotypic integration in flowers of neotropical lianas: diversification of form with stasis of underlying patterns

Phenotypic integration is essential to the understanding of organismal evolution as a whole. In this study, a phylogenetic framework is used to assess phenotypic integration among the floral parts of a group of Neotropical lianas. Flowers consist of plant reproductive organs (carpels and stamens), usually surrounded by attractive whorls (petals and sepals). Thus, flower parts might be involved in different functions and developmental constraints, leading to conflicting selective forces. We found that Bignonieae flowers have very similar patterns of variance/covariance among traits and that such patterns are uncorrelated with the phylogenetic relationships between species. However, in spite of pattern stasis, our results also indicate that diversification of floral morphology in this group has occurred throughout the evolution of magnitudes of correlation among traits. Thus, we suggest that stabilizing selection has played an important role in phenotypic integration, resulting in the long‐term stasis of covariance patterns underlying flower diversification during the ca. 50 Myr of evolution of Bignonieae. This is the first report of long‐term stasis in the phenotypic integration of angiosperms, suggesting that patterns of floral morphology can be recognizable as specific attributes of distinct botanical families.