微紫青霉菌Penicillium janthinellum菌株GXCR吸附废水中Cd2+的研究

研究了5种不同预处理方式对丝状真菌微紫青霉菌Penicillium janthinellum菌株 GXCR的Cd2+吸附的影响。结果表明,高温（80℃）、去离子水中的匀浆化、匀浆+碱化（NaOH,0.5mol/L）（简称匀浆碱化）和匀浆+30%二甲基亚砜处理均能提高菌体的吸附率,其中匀浆碱化处理后菌体的吸附效果最佳,吸附增量达到117.96%;匀浆+酸化（H2SO4, 0.5mol/L）处理则导致菌体的Cd2+吸附能力显著下降。匀浆碱化菌体吸附符合典型的Langmuir方程,表明该菌对Cd2+的吸附可能是以表面吸附为主的吸附行为。在吸附-解吸附循环4次后匀浆碱化菌体的Cd2+的吸附效率为58.01%。红外光谱分析显示匀浆碱化处理主要影响菌体表面分子的–OH和C=O基团,其中与Cd2+结合的主要基团是–OH。结果也表明,匀浆碱化菌体具有处理电镀废水的潜能。     

针对性rDNA-ITS序列分析不支持冬虫夏草复合种假设

冬虫夏草是有名的中药材,作为滋补药物已有数百年历史。它主要分布于亚洲高纬度草甸地带,寄主为蝙蝠蛾幼虫。目前有许多证据尤其是在rDNA-ITS水平上支持中国被毛孢Hirsutella sinensis是冬虫夏草的唯一无性型。然而,除了那些属于明显的错误注册的序列以外,从NCBI数据库检索得到的多个已注册为"冬虫夏草"的序列彼此之间的差异十分显著。基于这些有差异的GenBank序列,有些作者提出了冬虫夏草种复合群体及其包含的三个隐存种的假设。为检验该假设,我们以单株冬虫夏草子实体为材料,开展了rDNA-ITS序列分析研究。冬虫夏草样品分别采自中国的四川和青海两省。结果显示只有‘冬虫夏草A组’应为真正的冬虫夏草,而B组和C组很有可能属于其他真菌,而非冬虫夏草的隐存种。     

虫药蜣螂对灵芝发酵物风味组成的影响

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用对虫药蜣螂和添加蜣螂发酵后的灵芝发酵物的风味物质进行了测定,进而分析了添加蜣螂对灵芝发酵物风味组成的影响。结果表明,虫药蜣螂和灵芝发酵物(添加蜣螂)中分别含有40和30多种风味物质。添加蜣螂发酵后,灵芝发酵物跟对照相比新出现了5种风味物质,分别为苯甲醛、α-松油醇、苯乙醇、唑苯并噻和桃金娘烯醇。其中α-松油醇、苯乙醇和唑苯并噻是蜣螂中的风味成分,苯甲醛和桃金娘烯醇为新产生成分。所有5种风味物质均为食品香料物质。蜣螂中其它风味成分经灵芝发酵转化或降解后,未出现在灵芝发酵物中。因此,添加蜣螂发酵对灵芝发酵物的风味无不良影响。结果还提示灵芝细胞可生物转化或降解虫药蜣螂中的部分风味物质。     

圆盘菌科无性型有性生殖能力评估

本文评估了分离自子囊孢子和分生孢子的圆盘菌科无性型有性生殖能力。结果表明,由子囊孢子和分生孢子萌发获得的菌株的有性生殖能力具有显著差异,这可能决定于不同的遗传特性。该试验支持了一种假说：仅能进行无性生殖的无性型菌株,很可能来源于逐渐丧失了有性生殖能力的全型菌株。     

一株来自于伊犁贝母的内生尖孢镰孢菌Y1的抑菌活性初步研究

从新疆巩留县伊犁贝母的新鲜鳞茎中分离到一株具有分泌抑菌活性物质的内生尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporumY1,该菌在7种不同培养基上生长时显示出不同的菌落生长特征,而且只在沙氏培养基中生长时才具有分泌抑菌活性物质的能力。抑菌活性筛选结果表明:由该菌及其发酵液制备的发酵液浸膏、菌体裂解液浸膏以及经进一步纯化后获得的乙酸乙酯浸膏和正丁醇浸膏均具有明显的抑菌活性,其中以发酵液的乙酸乙酯浸膏和菌体裂解液的正丁醇浸膏活性最强,它们对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus、表皮葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis、枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis、藤黄八叠球菌Sarcina lutea和大肠杆菌Escherichia coli的最低抑菌浓度均小于25μg/mL。     

An inexpensive high-throughput method to extract high yields of good quality DNA from fungi

We developed an efficient method for high-throughput extraction of high-quality DNA from various fungi. In this method, fungal mycelia were cultured and harvested on the surfaces of membranes on media plates. We degraded cell walls using a lytic enzyme (Yatalase). Purification was performed on 96-well glass fibre filter plates. DNA was successfully extracted from various fungi provided (102 genus 132 species) at high yields and quality, and proved suitable for storage, polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme digestion. The method described is rapid, inexpensive and automation friendly. This enables the simultaneous extraction of large numbers of samples, significantly improving the potential throughput in genomics, particularly in diagnostic and population studies.     

Difference in antifungal activity of morphotypes of clavicipitaceous endophytes within and between species

In a previous study, a total of 484 endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from seven populations of Achnatherum sibiricum (L.) Keng collected at six geographical locations in Inner Mongolia, China. Based on growth rates as well as morphological characteristics, the isolates were classified into five morphotypes. Among them, morphotypes A, B and C were ascribed to the same species, Neotyphodium chisosum, based on ITS sequences. Morphotype E was identified as Epichloë amarillans. In the present study, four morphotypes, A, B, C and E, belonging to two species, were chosen for an in vitro pathogen trial. The results showed that both endophyte colonies and endophyte filtrate of all morphotypes could inhibit the mycelia growth and spore germination of the pathogen fungi tested. The magnitude of inhibition varied not only between species, but also among morphotypes of the same species. Overall, the antifungal ability of E. amarillans (morphotype E) was higher than that of N. chisosum. Within N. chisosum, the antifungal ability was highest in morphotype C, followed by morphotype A, and lowest in morphotype B. This variability suggests that different morphotypes might represent different genotypes of endophyte. The effect of endophyte infection on the host grass should be examined not only on the species level but also on the morphotype level to determine the possible interactions.     

Diversity and pharmaceutical screening of fungi from benthic mats of Antarctic lakes

During the MICROMAT project, the fungal diversity of microbial mats growing in the benthic environment of Antarctic lakes was accessed for the discovery of novel antibiotics and anticancers. In all, 160 filamentous fungi belonging to fifteen different genera and 171 yeasts were isolated from 11 lakes, classified and cultivated in different media and at different temperatures. Filamentous fungi were then screened to discover novel antimicrobial and cytotoxic compounds. A total of 1422 extracts were prepared by solid phase extraction of the culture broths or by biomass solvent extraction. 47 (29%) filamentous fungi showed antimicrobial activity; most of them inhibited the growth of gram-positive Staphyloccus aureus (14%), gram-negative E. coli (10%), and of yeasts Candida albicans (11%) and Cryptococcus neoformans (8%). Less activity was detected against representatives of enterobacteria and filamentous fungi. The most productive in terms of bioactivities were cold-tolerant cosmopolitan hyphomycetes such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Beauveria and Cladosporium. Two bioactive bis-anthraquinones (rugulosin and skyrin) were identified by LC–MS as the main products in a strain of Penicillium chrysogenum isolated from a saline lake in the Vestfold Hills. LC–MS fractionation of extracts from two diverse species of Aspergillus, that exhibited relatively potent antimicrobial activities, evidenced a chemical novelty that was further investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of new antibiotics produced by fungi from benthic microbial mats from Antarctic lakes. It can be concluded that these microbial assemblages represent an extremely rich source for the isolation of new strains producing novel bioactive metabolites with the potential to be developed as drugs.     

Lignicolous fungi from northern Serbia as natural sources of antioxidants

As a result of an interest in natural derived metabolites, lignicolous fungi have taken on great importance in biochemical investigations. In the present study, antioxidative screening analyses have included in vitro testing of different extracts (aqueous, methanol, chloroform) of four fungal species using three different assays: Fe²⁺/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation by TBA assay, the neutralisation of OH· radicals and the radical scavenging capacity with the DPPHk]assay. TLC analysis confirmed the existance of phenolics in the extracts, but also indicates the presence of some other compounds. The obtained results indicate that MeOH extracts manifested a degree of activity higher than that of CHCl₃ extracts. With respect to antioxidative activity, the extracts can be ranged in the following declining order: G. lucidum, G. applanatum, M. giganteus and F. velutipes. These results suggest that analyzed fungi are of potential interest as sources of strong natural antioxidants that could be used in the food industries and nutrition.     

Molecular phylogenetic studies of Lachnum and its allies based on the Japanese material

Molecular phylogenetic studies were carried out based on ITS-5.8S rDNA, the D1–D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene, RPB2, and combined data of D1–D2 and RPB2 as well as these three genes on 36 species among 7 genera for Lachnum and allied genera in the family Hyaloscyphaceae. In the combined data of all three regions, seven strongly supported clades were obtained. The same clades were also recognized in most of the trees based on each gene, and the combined data of D1–D2 and RPB2, although some of them were not strongly supported. Four clades represented Albotricha, Brunnipila, Incrucipulum, and Lachnellula, respectively, whereas Lachnum was distributed to the remaining three clades. The molecular phylogenies strongly supported a group of species with granulate hairs, and we suggest the concept of Lachnaceae should be restricted to these species. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, three new combinations—Incrucipulum longispineum, I. radiatum, and Lachnellula pulverulentum from Lachnum—are proposed.