岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上白刺花叶片生态解剖特征研究

对岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上（1 650～1 950 m）白刺花(Sophora davidii)叶片进行生态解剖学研究.观测指标包括叶片形态特征（叶长宽比、叶面积、叶片厚度）、解剖结构（表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度(P)、海绵组织厚度(S)、P/S比值、表皮角质膜厚度）及叶表皮特征（气孔器密度和面积、表皮细胞密度和面积、表皮毛密度和长度）.结果表明,白刺花叶片面积为0.144～0.208 cm²,叶总厚度为171.58～195.83 μm;叶肉组织分化明显,栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度分别为69.83～82.42和62.00～ 80.67 μm,P/S的比值为1.14～1.01,上下表皮厚度分别为14.03～15.33和13.88～16.17 μm,上下角质膜厚度分别为2.66～4.56和2.76～2.02 μm;气孔密度为13.71～15.02个·mm^-2,其面积为249.86～280.43 μm²;表皮细胞密度为160.54～178.43个·mm^-2,其面积为557.43～626.85 μm²;表皮毛长度为186.51～260.99 μm,其密度为18.29～32.27个·mm^-2.随海拔升高叶面积、叶厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织的厚度、气孔器面积、表皮细胞面积以及表皮毛密度呈增加趋势,而角质膜厚度、表皮细胞密度和表皮毛长度则呈减小趋势;叶长宽比、P/S的比值、表皮厚度与气孔器密度无明显差异.     

郑州黄河滩地生态重建研究

通过生态重建和景观重建,使郑州黄河滩地重新发挥生态系统功能与价值。以郑州黄河滩地为研究区,以实地调查数据、卫片资料等为依据,通过合理地定位重建目标、控制景观结构、划分景观分区和采用生态经济学方法进行成效评估,制定郑州黄河滩地生态重建方案。郑州黄河滩地蕴含着巨大的生态系统服务功能与价值潜力,生态重建后可以为城市公众提供更好的服务。主要表现为生态功能:生物多样性维持功能,调节气候和涵养水源功能,保持土壤和净化环境功能,生态防灾功能;经济生产功能和社会功能:科研教育功能,旅游和遗产价值。     

中国晚更新世—早全新世过渡期狩猎采集者的适应变迁

晚更新世之末到全新世之初是史前人类适应行为发生急剧改变的重要时期,其代表性的变化就是食物生产的起源。考古发现的证据与生态模拟的预测、推导相对比,显示出良好的耦合性。考古证据还显示这个时期的狩猎采集者采用了多样的适应模式以应对环境变化的挑战,食物生产并非唯一的选择;与此同时,食物生产的产生对环境和文化系统的初始条件具有强烈的依赖性。尽管晚更新世之末迅速的环境变化促进了食物生产的起源,但是考古材料与模拟的耦合、狩猎采集者适应变迁的多样性、食物生产起源的特殊机制都显示出这个时期的人类文化行为系统在生计模式的选择之间保持着一定的张力,以最好地适应环境的变化。     

基于主因子分析的生态社区评价方法研究——以上海外环以内区域为例

从生态系统和可持续发展理论出发,构建了生态社区评价的指标体系,运用主因子分析方法建立了生态社区评价模型;并在遥感与GIS技术支持下,对上海中心城区做了生态社区评价研究.结果表明,在空间格局上,社区生态水平差异明显,无论是在社区内部还是社区之间,各主因子分布极不平衡;总体看来,浦西核心区的大部分社区,其规模结构比较合理,服务设施比较完善,然而部分社区的生态环境质量急需要改善,部分社区的居住条件也需要进一步完善;而浦东一些社区,尽管生态指数较高,生态环境质量较好,但由于基础配套设施不够健全,规模结构不够均衡,道路交通系统尚待进一步完善.     

肇庆市景观生态规划研究

肇庆市生态资源丰富,自然保护现状良好,生态环境建设潜力大,但整个生态缺乏合理规划,与经济发展联系不大,对经济发展贡献率低,与旅游规划脱节,致使各地旅游形象不突出,特色不鲜明,景观整体性和连续性遭受破坏,景观、景区间协调不足,过渡不自然,景观视线范围内荒山和采矿点依稀可见,没有充分发挥生态在旅游中的作用。针对以上问题和矛盾,文章对肇庆市景观生态进行功能分区和规划设计,为肇庆市城市规划及景观生态建设提供一定的依据。     

Meteorological forcing of plankton dynamics in a large and deep continental European lake

The timing of various plankton successional events in Lake Constance was tightly coupled to a large-scale meteorological phenomenon, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). A causal chain of meteorological, hydrological, and ecological processes connected the NAO as well as winter and early spring meteorological conditions to planktonic events in summer leading to a remarkable memory of climatic effects lasting over almost half a year. The response of Daphnia to meteorological forcing was most probably a direct effect of altered water temperatures on daphnid growth and was not mediated by changes in phytoplankton concentrations. High spring water temperatures during ”high-NAO years” enabled high population growth rates, resulting in a high daphnid biomass as early as May. Hence, a critical Daphnia biomass to suppress phytoplankton was reached earlier in high-NAO years yielding an early and longer-lasting clear-water phase. Finally, an earlier summer decline of Daphnia produced in a negative relationship between Daphnia biomass in July and the NAO. Meteorological forcing of the seasonal plankton dynamics in Lake Constance included simple temporal shifts of processes and successional events, but also complex changes in the relative importance of different mechanisms. Since Daphnia plays an important role in plankton succession, a thorough understanding of the regulation of its population dynamics provides the key for predictions of the response of freshwater planktonic food webs to global climate change. Received: 15 February 1999 / Accepted: 23 August 1999     

QTL analysis of malting quality in barley based on the doubled-haploid progeny of two elite North American varieties representing different germplasm groups

Characterization of the determinants of economically important phenotypes showing complex inheritance should lead to the more effective use of genetic resources. This study was conducted to determine the number, genome location and effects of QTLs determining malting quality in the two North American barley quality standards. Using a doubled-haploid population of 140 lines from the cross of Harrington×Morex, malting quality phenotype data sets from eight environments, and a 107-marker linkage map, QTL analyses were performed using simple interval mapping and simplified composite interval mapping procedures. Seventeen QTLs were associated with seven grain and malting quality traits (percentage of plump kernels, test weight, grain protein percentage, soluble/total protein ratio, α-amylase activity, diastatic power and malt-extract percentage). QTLs for multiple traits were coincident. The loci controlling inflorescence type [vrs1 on chromosome 2(2H) and int-c on chromosome 4(4H)] were coincident with QTLs affecting all traits except malt-extract percentage. The largest effect QTLs, for the percentage of plump kernels, test weight protein percentage, S/T ratio and diastatic power, were coincident with the vrs1 locus. QTL analyses were conducted separately for each sub-population (six-rowed and two-rowed). Eleven new QTLs were detected in the subpopulations. There were significant interactions between the vrs1 and int-c loci for grain-protein percentage and S/T protein ratio. Results suggest that this mating of two different germplasm groups caused a disruption of the balance of traits. Information on the number, position and effects of QTLs determining components of malting quality may be useful for maintaining specific allele configurations that determine target quality profiles. Received: 28 May 1999 / Accepted: 9 November 1999     

一种利用推论性模型预测陆地脊椎动物分布的技术

对用于预测物种地理分布的新技术进行了叙述。这种预测包括以下步骤：建立地理基础资料库（ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ）、收集被预测物种的地理分布点以及使用生物多样性的附件－－Ｇｅｎｅｔｉｃ Ａｌｇｏｒｔｈｍ ｆｏｒ Ｒｕｌｅ－ｓｅｔ Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｉｏｎ来建立被预测物种的位模型。为了能清楚地理解这一预测过程,以濒危特种褐马鸡（Ｃｒｏｓｓｏｐｔｉｌｏｎ ｍａｎｔｃｈｕｒｉｃｕｍ）为例进行了叙述。这项新技术是用于生态学     

Effect of Herbivore Density, Timing of Attack and Plant Community on Performance of Creeping Thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae)

Creeping thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae), is one of the most serious weeds in ecological compensation areas (within-field or border refugia) in Europe. Since conventional weed control measures are restricted in compensation areas, augmenting indigenous agents for biological control of the weed may be a feasible alternative. In this paper, we studied the effect of density of the shield beetle, Cassida rubiginosa Muller (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), and two vegetation types typical for ecological compensation areas, on the performance of creeping thistle plants in an open field experiment. Early-season larval feeding had no measurable effect on creeping thistle growth, while late-season feeding significantly reduced shoot growth. These findings were attributed to higher feeding rates of the herbivores at higher ambient temperatures late in the season. Defoliation had a strong effect on the above-ground performance of C. arvense plants, but not on the below-ground performance. In contrast, the plant community affected all below-ground performance parameters measured, but only some of the above-ground performance parameters of creeping thistle. A combination of high levels of plant competition and herbivory by C. rubiginosa larvae led to 50% mortality in C. arvense plants during the growing season. We conclude that augmentation of indigenous herbivores of C. arvense in combination with breaking up the root system by tillage and the establishment of a highly competitive plant community of beneficial herbs may be a feasible way to control this problematic weed in ecological compensation areas.     

安徽枞阳湿地植被及植物资源的研究

枞阳湿地地处安徽省长江干流中段北岸 ,大约北纬 30°39′～ 31°0 5′,东经 1 1 7°0 4′～1 1 7°44′。该区有 4种湿地类型 ,即湖泊湿地、长江二级河流湿地 ,江心洲及江滩湿地和库塘湿地等 ,其中湖泊湿地面积最大 ,约 2 1 3.6km2 。该湿地计有水生及湿生维管植物 1 0 1种 ,分属37科 67属。文中分析了湿地维管植物的生活型、生态习性、群丛特征及价值 ,提出了湿地资源保护和利用措施。