Expectancy controlled sampling decisions in Vimba elongata

Synopsis Experimental data on snapping behavior of laboratory reared zährte, Vimba elongata, indicate that this species chooses between different food searching methods. If visibility is good, mainly directed snaps are employed for immediate food location. However, under conditions of reduced visibility undirected snapping and sampling methods are adopted. In the field, zährte may use sampling to acquire foraging benefits from stochastically distributed, hidden resources, like sediment dwelling prey. In the experiments this species continued to sample the bottom even in situations without any chance of prey detection. It is therefore concluded that zährte's searching decisions, apart from incorporating external information on prey occurrence, are controlled by internal expectations of long term benefits derived from sampling.     

现代农业中的激光技术和激光育种

现代农业中的激光技术是一项新技术。激光农用的开拓领域相当广泛。激光育种在我国始于70年代初,据不完全统计到1986年为止,已育成粮、油、棉、蔬菜、果树、桑、蚕等新品种(系)36个,对农业生产起到了良好作用。为了在现代农业中发挥激光技术的应用优势,从育种的角度来说,应该在加强激光生物学多学科之间合作的前提下,大力开展激光生物工程的研究,这也是激光应用于农业发展的希望所在。     

多鳞铲颌鱼的生态适应性及地理分布成因的探讨

本文根据对多鳞铲颔鱼的分布、生物学特性及栖居河段的生态环境等所做的调查和研究,探讨了多鳞铲颌鱼的生态适应性及分布成因等问题。做为对北方寒冷气候的适应,多鳞铲颌鱼有蛰伏泉穴越冬的习性,越冬期近6个月;推测多鳞铲颌鱼是由原始鲃类演化来的,形成于更新世早期;现代分布状况可能是受第四纪冰期的影响而造成的。     

天南星科的生态地理和起源

本文将天南星科105个属的分布区归纳为12个分布类型和29个亚型,对每一类型的属进行生态地理分析。本科计有88个热带属,占全科的83.8％,是一个热带科。全科有两大分化中心:热带亚洲为属的多样化中心,热带美洲是种的分化中心。根据天南星科各属的生态地理研究,结合到科的系统发育程序,作者得出结论说:天南星科的原始类群在晚白垩纪时起源于亚洲大陆南缘,即欧亚古陆的亚洲南缘地带的水域生态环境。     

Hanuman Langur: Monkey of India

An apparently new type of dental wear pattern, lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT), has been found in 85% of 46 adult crania from a 3000–4200 BP Archaic site called Corondó near the Atlantic Ocean coast of Brazil. LSAMAT is associated with a high caries rate (60% of 77 adults; 11% of 1,219 permanent teeth) in what on archeologica grounds alone would be considered a mainly meat-eating population. It is suggested that both LSAMAT and caries resulted from eating some starchy plant like manioc.     

Root development and configuration in intensively managed radiata pine plantations

Summary In south-east Australia, where radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) is grown on sandy soils low in nutrients and short of water, early establishment, and rapid growth to canopy closure lead to increased productivity. At this stage demands for nutrients and water are high, and trees respond vigorously to silvicultural inputs.For several months after transplanting in winter roots are confined within a narrow planting wedge, low temperature restricts new root growth and slows recovery from water stress in plants. From spring, depending upon the configuration and vigour of the roots transplanted, lateral roots extend radially throughout the soil.Although there were small decreases in concentration of roots radially from the stems of very young trees, such spatial differences disappeared between ages 2 and 3, so that rooting density was independent of distance from the stem. The pattern of vertical distribution of lateral roots was not influenced by age and 80–90% of the lateral roots were within the top 30 cm soil. Roots developed rapidly as the trees grew towards canopy closure, but in general the rooting densities of these pines are among the lowest reported for plants. In rapidly growing trees approaching canopy closure, the secondary thickening of the lateral roots was sufficient to double the weight of roots without altering root length.Knowledge about root growth and root configuration during the early phase of plantation development will assist management decisions where intensive silviculture is practiced, and hence ensure the most efficient use of nutrients and water.     

经济发达地区稳定发展农业的对策

江苏省常熟市地处长江南岸阳澄湖畔,临近大中城市,距上海100km,离苏州、无锡、南通不足50km,历史上为苏南重点商品粮基地之一。因地理位置、地形、地貌及大气环流等因素所决定,常熟属北亚热带南部湿润地区,年平均气温15.5℃,年日照时数2202.9小时,年雨量1038.4mm。全市境内湖泊、河流纵横交错连结成网,有水域1.75×10~4ha,大小河流4477条。全境总面积1142.2km~2,北部较高,海拔3.11m左右,向南缓缓降低,最低地区海拔0.61m。     

The habitat diversity and fish reproductive function of floodplain ecosystems

Synopsis Fish reproduction in floodplain ecosystems, based on relative abundance and total biomass of 0+ juveniles, was studied using the synchronic approach to typological analysis in conjunction with Point Abundance Sampling by modified electrofishing. In 3 different flood plains of the Upper Rhône River, 1015 point samples yielding 4573 juveniles (0+) from 21 species were collected from 48 ecosystems of various geomorphological origin. The results demonstrate the lotic-to-lentic succession of floodplain ecosystems to be a series of non-sequential reproductive zones, with spawning conditions being reflected by the specific composition and guild structure of the YOY fish assemblages. The habitat diversity and the fish reproductive potential of floodplain ecosystems are strongly influenced by geomorphological origin and by past and present hydrological conditions. The YOY assemblages of autogenically driven ecosystems (usually of anastomose or meander origin) tend to differ both in composition and in quantity from those found in allogenically driven ecosystems (generally of braided origin). Ecosystems of intermediate character, and fish reproduction thereof, occur as the result of either ecosystem rejuvenation or senescence: autogenically driven ecosystems by allogenic mechanisms, or allogenically driven ecosystems by anthropic and/or autogenic mechanisms, respectively. Because of co-occurrence of ecosystems at similar and at different successional status, the flood plain as an entity is seen as stable with respect to fish reproduction.     

南京地区繁缕和小繁缕群体的研究

繁缕(Stellaria media)和小繁缕(S.apetala)是两个形态相似的近缘种,有人把后者作为前者的亚种或变种来处理。本文通过对南京地区不同生境的三个自然群体和三个人工控制栽培群体的取样,以群体为单位,分别测算了叶、萼片、雄蕊、花瓣、果实和种子的8个数量性状的变异,绘制了多角形图;对花粉粒和种子进行了扫描;还通过花蕾套袋试验对种子活力作了检查。结果发现繁缕和小繁缕都是近亲繁殖植物,在形态上区别明显,对生态环境的要求基本相同,但小繁缕似更能耐受人为的践踏和刈割。