安徽大别山黄山栎群落的初步研究

黄山栎 ( Quercus stewardii)在植物分类学上属双子叶植物纲 ,壳斗科 ,栎属 ,为华东地区特有种。黄山栎群落为落叶阔叶林 ,分布海拔较高 ,是较典型的山地矮林 ,分布于浙江、福建、江西和安徽等省。有关黄山栎群落的研究不多 ,为了探讨该群落的特征和性质 ,以及群落的发育 ,我们对大别山天堂寨黄山栎群落进行初步调查 ,现将结果报道如下。1　自然概况金寨县的天堂寨为大别山第二主峰 ,位于皖鄂两省交界 ,约当北纬 31°1 0′～ 31°1 5′,东经 1 1 9°～1 2 0°,最高峰海拔 1 72 9m。该区地处华东亚热带气候区 ,年平均气温 1 2 .3°C。该区黄…     

天山和昆仑—秦岭造山带志留系、石炭系和三叠系复理石相遗迹化石

在天山志留系,石炭系和东昆仑－西秦岭三叠系浊积岩系中遗迹化石发育,经研究计有：Helminthopsis hieroglyphica,Neonerietes biserialis.,N,uniserialis,palaeophycus isp.,P.serratus,P.striatus.P.tubularis,Paleodictyon imperfectum,Phycodes circinnatum,Phycosiphon incertum,Planolites annularis,P.beverleyensis,P.Montanus,Rhizocorallium ips.,Scalarituba missourensis,Skolithos ips.,?Spirorhaphe isp.,sublorenzinia ips.Tambia isp.,Taphrhelminthopsis auricularis,Teichichnus isp.,Thalassinoides isp.它们构成4种遗迹化石组合：Phycosiphon-Palaeophycus组合,Neonereites-Scalarituba组合,Paleodictyon组合和Phycodes Skolithos组合,分别代表局限缺氧深海盆地浊流沉积,半深海环境中－上扇沉积,多岛洋环境的中－下扇沉积,半深海环境的中扇浊流沉积。     

Micro-distribution of Soil Inhabiting Tardigrades (Tardigrada) in a Sub-alpine Coniferous Forest of Japan

Micro-distribution of soil inhabiting tardigrades was studied in a sub-alpine coniferous forest (alt. 1,840 m a. s. l.) on the eastern slope of Mt. Yatsugatake, Central Japan. Eight cylindrical soil samples were taken from the forest floor. Each sample was divided into 10 slice samples of 1 cm thick. Tardigrades were extracted from samples by Baermann funnels, identified to specific level and counted. The average number of tardigrades in the study site is 74,058/m². High densities sometimes occurred at depths greater than 5 cm. Consequently for investigating tardigrade populations, 5cm depth core sampling is insufficient in this type of habitat. Composition of the main groups of species reveals that shallow layers (1, 2 or 3 cm depth) are frequently dominated by the Diphascon-group. Macrobiotus-group species generally occurred in higher abundance in the deeper layers. It is very interesting that there are some different patterns of soil micro-distribution in tardigrade species.     

Stratigraphy, geometry, and facies of a Middle Devonian ramp-to-basin transect (Eastern Anti-Atlas, SE Morocco)

Summary In the castern Anti-Atlas (SE Morocco), a small sedimentary basin (Mader Basin) evolved during the late Palacozoic. The Middle Devonian deposits consist of shales and limestones with a thickness up to 700 m in the depocentre. Sedimentary structures and sole marks of Middle Devonian limestones indicate transport from the northwest and the south towards the basin centre, located in the central Mader area. Lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, and dynamic stratigraphic approaches were applied to correlate stratigraphic sections. Five correlatable large-scale base-level hemicycles were recognized in the Middle Devonian succession. Thickness trends of Middle Devonian deposits, regional correlations, and facies-trends reveal the geometry of a carbonate ramp. The carbonate ramp was slightly inclined (<1°) to the NE. A sedimentary wedge, consisting of limestones and limestone/marl alternations, was deposited during the Eifelian and marks the transition from the ramp to the adjacent basin. Middle Devonian water depths are estimated as close to and within the storm wave-base at the southern area of the ramp and far below storm wave-base in the northeastern part of the ramp. Shallowest conditions (inner-ramp environment), close or within the fairweather wave-base, existed during the early Givetian as documented by the abundance of recfal fauna (stromatoporoids, corals) and calcimicrobes (lumps, micritic envelopes) in the eastern and southeastern area of the ramp.     

Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Cretaceous–Tertiary transition in the central eastern desert of Egypt

The Gebel Qreiya and nearby Wadi Hamama sections of the central Eastern Desert are among the most complete K/T boundary sequences known from Egypt. The two sections were analyzed spanning an interval from l.83 Myr below to about 3 Myr above the K/T boundary. A 1-cm-thick red clay layer at the K/T boundary at Gebel Qreiya contains an Ir anomaly of 5.4 ppb. The high-resolution study and well-preserved nannoflora provide good age control and the first quantitative records of calcareous nannofossil assemblages for paleoecological interpretations across the K/T transition in Egypt. Four zones (Micula murus, Micula prinsii, NP1, and NP2) were distinguished and correlated with other nannofossil and planktonic foraminiferal zonations that are broadly applicable for the eastern Tethys region. Latest Maastrichtian assemblages are abundant and diverse, though Cretaceous species richness progressively decreased across the K/T boundary. Dominant species include Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis, Micula decussata and Watznaueria barnesae, with high abundance of dissolution-resistant M. decussata reflecting periods of high environmental stress. Thoracosphaera blooms mark the K/T boundary and are followed by an acme of the opportunistic survivor Braarudosphaera bigelowii, the first appearance of the new Tertiary species Cruciplacolithus primus, and an acme of Coccolithus cavus/pelagicus. These successive abundance peaks provide the basis for subdivision of the Early Danian Zones NP1 and NP2 into five subzones. Correlation of selected nannofossil taxa from the Egyptian sections with those from various onshore marine and deep-sea sections provides insights into their paleoenvironmental and paleoecological affinities.     

青藏东缘岷江上游亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程中物种多样性动态

通过对不同林龄(10～70年)的人工云杉(Picea asperata)林及自然恢复的桦木(Betula utilis var. sinensis)林和天然原始冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林的调查研究,采用Margalef指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou的均匀度指数、Hurlbert均匀度指数等多样性指数及物种数、个体数和盖度分析了群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层及总体的物种多样性,结果发现1)人工云杉林的物种多样性随着林龄的增加逐渐上升,林冠郁闭前后上升最快,在50～70年间下降;其中乔木层物种多样性先上升,郁闭后下降;灌木层物种多样性郁闭前下降,郁闭后骤然上升,后来缓慢下降;草本层物种多样性在早期阶段很高,随着郁闭度的增大而下降,郁闭后又缓慢回升.2)均匀度的变化幅度不大,变化的趋势基本上与物种多样性相反. 3)次生桦木林与同林龄的人工云杉林及天然原始林相比,原始冷杉林的物种丰富度、群落总体、乔木层、草本层优势度(Simpson指数和MacIntosh指数)和多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数)最高,灌木层均匀度最低;人工云杉林的物种丰富度、优势度、群落总体、乔木层、草本层多样性最低,但灌木层的均匀度和多样性最高. 4)物种多样性的变化与群落盖度特别是乔木层盖度呈负相关,影响人工云杉林物种多样性恢复的主要因素是其乔木层的盖度过大. 5)人工云杉林的物种多样性不仅低于同龄的自然恢复的桦木林,远远低于天然原始林,而且经过70年的发育,灌木层和草本层的盖度很低,水土保持和水源涵养的生态效益很差.迫切需要调整人工云杉林的群落结构,以恢复其生物多样性,增强其生态效益的发挥.建议在人工云杉林郁闭以后,采取适当的人工干扰如间伐等,降低乔木层的盖度,以促进林下灌草层的发育,既可增强水土保持功能,又可加速物种多样性的恢复.     

现存被子植物原始类群及其植物地理学研究

在吸取各学派对被子植物原始类群界定的基础上,根据八纲系统,提出被子植物原始类群有60科的新见解,并以分子系统学提出的狭义的基部类群32科为对比,进行了植物地理学研究。以科为性状,以Takhtajan 划分的世界植物区系的“区”为OTU,UPGMA分析显示：(1)东亚区确是一个十分特殊的区,它既与北美东、西部(北美大西洋区、马德雷区)有密切关系,但更接近印度支那区;(2)环太平洋的4个地区集中了较多的原始被子植物的科,它们是东亚地区,北美东部和西部地区,部分热带亚洲、澳大利亚东部和西南太平洋岛屿地区,中、南美热带地区。这种分布格局显然和被子植物起源地与扩散以及太平洋的形成历史有关。     

Historic log structures as ecological archives: A case study from eastern North America

Forests of eastern North America have undergone abrupt transformations over the last several centuries due to changing land use and climate. Researchers look to pre-settlement forests as a guide for forest restoration, though much of our understanding of composition and dynamics in pre-settlement forests is based on spatially restricted sediment records, few and fragmented old-growth stands in a narrow range of site types, and potentially biased historical documentation. Logs from historic structures hold information that may be useful to forest ecology in eastern North America, but before these records can be used, we must first establish where the logs originated, why they were selected over other trees, and what they can and cannot tell us about past forest ecology. Using a case study approach, I collected data from fifteen log structures in the central Appalachian region to compare construction site locations, species used, and mean diameter of logs through time to determine the ecological biases associated with human behavior in log structure construction. Construction site locations changed from valleys to mountains through time and the species used in construction shifted from Quercus alba to a mix of Quercus alba, Liriodendron tulipifera, Pinus strobus, and Castanea dentata over time. The diameter of logs used in construction were generally consistent through time, with an average basal diameter of 31.3 cm (±4.7). Mean age of logs increased through time for Quercus species, regardless of log diameter. These results suggest the species used for structural logs were selected by their abundance at the location of construction but that as construction site locations and resource availability changed through time, the species used in construction changed as well. While there are biases and limitations of dendroecological data from historic structures, the results presented here demonstrate that structural log data provide greater replication during the early European immigration period, representation of upland (valley) forest sites, and establishment of chronologies for species that are not well represented in current tree-ring chronologies (e.g. Castanea dentata, Liriodendron tulipifera). These results suggest structural logs can benefit ecological research by filling the temporal, spatial, and species gaps in tree-ring chronologies not only for the central Appalachian region, but also for other areas in eastern North America.