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151.
Enamel hypoplasia was recorded for the primary and permanent teeth of Natufians (terminal Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherers) and
Early Arabs (Subsistence farmers). Minimal hypoplasia was found in the primary teeth of the Natufians, but in the Early Arab
population, 31% of upper first primary molars showed enamel defects. In the permanent teeth, the Early Arab population again
showed a significantly higher frequency of hypoplasia, with all teeth affected. In the Natufians, only later developing teeth
showed enamel defects. These findings suggest that health status in the Early Arab population was poor throughout life, affecting
pregnant mothers, their foetuses, young infants and children. These results confirm other studies that have shown deterioration
in health status of early agriculturalists relative to hunter- gatherers. Comparisons of these findings with those of recent
populations indicate that health status in the Natufians was comparable to that of modern populations with subsistence diets
and mediocre health care. Health status in the Early Arab population was comparable to that of modern populations suffering
from severe malnutrition and chronic disease. 相似文献
152.
Markus Gusset Anthony H. Maddock Glenn J. Gunther Micaela Szykman Rob Slotow Michele Walters Michael J. Somers 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2008,17(1):83-101
In South Africa, a plan was launched to manage separate sub-populations of endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in several small, geographically isolated, conservation areas as a single meta-population. This intensive management approach
involves the re-introduction of wild dogs into suitable conservation areas and periodic translocations among them. To assess
the attitudes towards re-introduced wild dogs, we conducted a questionnaire survey of multiple stakeholders—local community
members, private landowners and tourists—in and around Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP), one of the meta-population conservation
areas. Here, we document conflicting human interests over the re-introduced wild dogs. Tourists in HiP, on the one hand, expressed
overwhelmingly positive opinions about wild dogs across personal details of the respondents, but especially after having seen
free-ranging wild dogs. On the other hand, we found misconceptions and perceptions that were more negative among the rural
population around HiP, again largely independent of personal details of the participants, although educated respondents voiced
more favourable views of wild dogs. These negative attitudes were in particular due to perceived and real threats of livestock
losses. In a follow-up questionnaire survey, we also discovered apparent shortcomings of a previous short-lived conservation
education programme among the local communities adjacent to HiP. Consequently, the mitigation of the conflict between wild
dogs and rural people requires an understanding of the conditions under which livestock predation occurs, the encouragement
of practices that prevent such predation, and increasing local tolerance of co-existence with wild dogs through both economic
and non-monetary incentive schemes as well as continued conservation education. 相似文献
153.
人类活动对生态环境的影响主要表现为土地利用方式的变化。土地利用变化影响下的生境质量时空格局演变,对优化区域国土生态布局具有重要意义。利用DEM数据、气象数据、社会经济数据与1980、1990、2000、2010、2018年5期土地利用数据,通过InVEST模型、景观格局指数、地理探测器评估、描述、分析东海区大陆海岸带生境质量时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)1980—2018年东海区大陆海岸带陆地面积增加,土地利用中林地所占比重最大,耕地、建设用地面积变化最明显,2000—2010年土地利用转化最显著。土地变化北部大于南部、东侧大于西侧。(2)1980—2018年生境质量均值为0.75,总体生境质量较好,但呈下降趋势,2000—2010年生境质量下降最明显,2010年后下降速度减缓。生境质量斑块趋于破碎化、多样化、均匀化。(3)生境质量总体上从沿海向内陆下降,受岸线性质与围垦影响,北部生境质量由陆向海退化,南部生境退化沿海向陆推进。低等生境质量区呈现点—面—带的扩张趋势。(4)建设用地指数、高程、夜间灯光亮度、土壤类型、坡度为影响生境质量分布的主要因素,38年间主导因素由高程变为建设用地指... 相似文献
154.
Taiye Winful Katie McCormack Elsa Mueller Lijuan Chen La Corporación Piñones Se Integra Maricruz Rivera Clemente Jada Benn Torres 《American journal of physical anthropology》2023,182(2):194-209
Objectives
From an anthropological genetic perspective, little is known about the ethnogenesis of African descendants in Puerto Rico. Furthermore, historical interactions between Indigenous Caribbean and African descendant peoples that may be reflected in the ancestry of contemporary populations are understudied. Given this dearth of genetic research and the precedence for Afro-Indigenous interactions documented by historical, archeological, and other lines of evidence, we sought to assess the biogeographic origins of African descendant Puerto Ricans and to query the potential for Indigenous ancestry within this community.Materials and Methods
Saliva samples were collected from 58 self-identified African descendant Puerto Ricans residing in Puerto Rico. We sequenced whole mitochondrial genomes and genotyped Y chromosome haplogroups for each male individual (n = 25). Summary statistics, comparative analyses, and network analysis were used to assess diversity and variation in haplogroup distribution between the sample and comparative populations.Results
As indicated by mitochondrial haplogroups, 66% had African, 5% had European, and 29% had Indigenous American matrilines. Along the Y chromosome, 52% had African, 28% had Western European, 16% had Eurasian, and, notably, 4% had Indigenous American patrilines. Both mitochondrial and Y chromosome haplogroup frequencies were significantly different from several comparative populations.Discussion
Biogeographic origins are consistent with historical accounts of African, Indigenous American, and European ancestry. However, this first report of Indigenous American paternal ancestry in Puerto Rico suggests distinctive features within African descendant communities on the island. Future studies expanding sampling and incorporating higher resolution genetic markers are necessary to more fully understand African descendant history in Puerto Rico. 相似文献155.
Gholamhosein Hasanshahi Habib Abbasipour Fatemeh Jahan Alireza Askarianzadeh Jaber Karimi Ali Hossein Rahimi 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(4):456-463
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), is the most serious pest of cauliflower fields in central Iran and its control is primarily based on pesticide sprays. Over the past years, a number of new pesticide compounds were introduced onto the market and some of them may cause adverse effects on natural populations of parasitoids associated with DBM. Excessive use of insecticides against the pest did not produce satisfactory results but has caused concerns about environmental pollution and increased pest resistance to chemicals. This research aims to study natural parasitism of pest on different cauliflower cultivars in the fields of south of Tehran. Dominant species of parasitoids include Diadegma anurum, Cotesia plutellae and Oomyzus sokolowskii. The highest parasitism rate was observed by D. anurum that was recorded on Buris cultivar (19.92?±?1.06) and White cloud cultivar (16.20?±?1.49) and the lowest parasitism rate was observed on Snow crown cultivar (3.42) and SG cultivar (5.00) during the season. 相似文献
156.
Zou Keyuan 《Ocean Development & International Law》2013,44(1):69-93
The United States is the sole superpower in the contemporary world and its role in the development of the law of the sea cannot be ignored. Although having not yet acceded to the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, the United States has contributed to the development of the international law of the sea in numerous ways, including responding to the so-called excessive maritime claims in East Asia and creating new rules of maritime enforcement. This article assesses this recent U.S. practice. 相似文献
157.
James Nyagwange Edwin Tijhaar Nicola Ternette Fredrick Mobegi Kyle Tretina Joana C. Silva Roger Pelle Vishvanath Nene 《International journal for parasitology》2018,48(3-4):265-273
East Coast fever is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva. The sporozoite stage of this parasite, harboured and released from the salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus during feeding, invades and establishes infection in bovine lymphocytes. Blocking this initial stage of invasion presents a promising vaccine strategy for control of East Coast fever and can in part be achieved by targeting the major sporozoite surface protein p67. To support research on the biology of T. parva and the identification of additional candidate vaccine antigens, we report on the sporozoite proteome as defined by LC–MS/MS analysis. In total, 4780 proteins were identified in an enriched preparation of sporozoites. Of these, 2007 were identified as T. parva proteins, representing close to 50% of the total predicted parasite proteome. The remaining 2773 proteins were derived from the tick vector. The identified sporozoite proteins include a set of known T. parva antigens targeted by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells from cattle that are immune to East Coast fever. We also identified proteins predicted to be orthologs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface molecules and invasion organelle proteins, and proteins that may contribute to the phenomenon of bovine lymphocyte transformation. Overall, these data establish a protein expression profile of T. parva sporozoites as an important starting point for further study of a parasitic species which has considerable agricultural impact. 相似文献
158.
现有主流猕猴桃品种的遗传背景相对单一,亲本来源地理分布狭窄,亲缘关系不清晰。为充分利用杂种优势,该研究以广西植物研究所猕猴桃种质资源圃收集的53个猕猴桃品种(品系)叶片为材料,使用SCoT分子标记进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:(1)10条引物在53份猕猴桃供试材料中共扩增出110条条带,各引物扩增的条带在8~15条之间,引物平均扩增条带数为11条;其中多态性条带101条,引物平均扩增多态性条带数为10.1条,多态性比例为91.81%。(2)聚类分析显示猕猴桃品种(品系)没有按类型、倍性或选育地等形成明显有规律的聚类关系。但相对来说,同一杂交后代个体之间的亲缘关系比亲本与后代个体之间的亲缘关系更近;芽变品种与原品种并没有表现出特别近的遗传距离,说明芽变材料的突变可能在基因组或染色体层面发生了较大范围的重组、复制或丢失;‘楚红’‘桂红’‘湘吉红’和‘龙藏红’4个红肉品种与‘红阳’亲缘关系明显较远,说明其可能由不同亲本衍生而来;初步验证了‘桂海四号’可能为‘Hort16A’亲本之一的推测。 相似文献
159.
Mark A. Batzer Santosh S. Arcot Joshua W. Phinney Michelle Alegria-Hartman David H. Kass Stephen M. Milligan Colin Kimpton Peter Gill Manfred Hochmeister Panayiotis A. Ioannou Rene J. Herrera Donald A. Boudreau W. Douglas Scheer Bronya J. B. Keats Prescott L. Deininger Mark Stoneking 《Journal of molecular evolution》1996,42(1):22-29
The Alu family of intersperesed repeats is comprised of ovr 500,000 members which may be divided into discrete subfamilies based upon mutations held in common between members. Distinct subfamilies of Alu sequences have amplified within the human genome in recent evolutionary history. Several individual Alu family members have amplified so recently in human evolution that they are variable as to presence and absence at specific loci within different human populations. Here, we report on the distribution of six polymorphic Alu insetions in a survey of 563 individuals from 14 human population groups across several continents. Our results indicate that these polymorphic Alu insertions probably have an African origin and that there is a much smaller amount of genetic variation between European populations than that found between other populations groups.
Present address: Department of Pathology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Medical Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112
Correspondence to: M.A. Batzer 相似文献
160.
This study employs regression analysis to explore population and sex differences in the pattern of age-associated bone loss, as reflected by histomorphometric variables that are measures of intracortical and endocortical bone remodeling. A comparison of an African American sample from the Washington Park Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri, and a European American rib sample composed of cadavers, autopsies, and forensic cases from Missouri reveals the existence of complex age-associated patterns for differences in measures of intracortical remodeling and cortical area. Females from the two samples express similar bone dimensions and dynamics. The African American females appear to lose more bone than their male counterparts, but this difference is absent in the European American sample. When age-associated patterns are considered, it is in the younger cohorts that African Americans exhibit greater relative cortical area than European Americans, but this is reversed in the older ages, when the latter group manifests greater bone mass. The European American males consistently differ in the slopes and intercepts for the variables compared to the other groups, and differences are highly significant with African American females, with the former group maintaining bone mass while the latter exhibit a more rapid bone loss. Achieving larger relative cortical area due to smaller endosteal area, coupled with better bone quality due to lower intracortical porosity early in life, may be a mechanism by which African Americans, especially females, maintain adequate bone mass in older ages, which buffers them from bone loss and related fragility fractures despite higher rates of intracortical remodeling and endosteal expansion later in life. These results suggest that both genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the differences in bone remodeling and bone mass observed between these samples. 相似文献