甘肃玉门下沟地区早白垩世下沟组介形类

甘肃玉门下沟地区下沟组介形类化石十分丰富,该地区下沟组介形类化石共计9属4亚属,21种,本文描述了其中4新种,即Cypridea(Cyamocypris)xiagouensissp.nov.,Cypridea(Cypridea)subunicostatasp.nov.,Stenestroemiasubpeculiarissp.nov.和Stenestroemiaxiagouensissp.nov.。该介形类化石组合尤以Cypridea最为繁盛,通过分析介形类属种的形态特征和化石组合特征并结合岩性特征,推断下沟组的地质时代为早白垩世巴列姆期;并认为下沟组为水动力较弱的淡水-微咸水河湖相沉积。     

尾羽龙(Caudipteryx)的新材料及其重要骨骼特征的补充和修订

尾羽龙和原始祖鸟一起被认为是最早发现的带有真正鸟类羽毛的恐龙（Ji et al., 1998）,迄今已发现的尾羽龙包括邹氏尾羽龙（Caudipteryx zoui）和董氏尾羽龙（Caudipteryx dongi）两种（周忠和、汪筱林,2000）,前者包括保存在中国地质博物馆的NGMC 97*4朅和NGMC 97*9朅两件标本,而后者依据的材料仅为保存在中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的V 12344。以上标本都不是十分完整。本文依据最近新发现的两件几乎完整的尾羽龙标本,对该属的一些重要形态特征进行补充和修订,以期对其系统关系的讨论及其他相关理论问题的研究提供新的…     

我国三种蝼蛄的雄性生殖器鉴别

本文记述 3种蝼蛄 (单刺蝼蛄GryllotalpaunispinaSaussure,东方蝼蛄G .orientalisBurmeister及河南蝼蛄G .henanaCaietNiu)的雄生殖器     

宁夏枸杞的大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育

在幼小花药横切面上,每个角隅处可见一层拱形孢原细胞,其经过平周分裂形成初生造孢细胞、次生造孢细胞,发育为小孢子母细胞。减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型。四分体为四面体型。成熟花粉粒含二细胞,具三孔沟型萌发孔。花药绒毡层由二部分组成:药壁区的绒毡层由初生壁细胞所产生,药隔区的由药隔细胞直接转化成,为双重起源,呈二型性,属分泌型。雌蕊由二个心皮构成二室子房,中轴胎座。倒生胚珠具单珠被、薄珠心,珠被绒毡层。胚囊发育为蓼型。在胚囊细胞分化后,组成胚囊的四种细胞继续发育,表现出各自的形态学变化。     

Prediction of F3 row performance from F2 individual plant data in oats

Summary Parameters estimated from a Gardner-Eberhart analysis of the F₂ generation of a six-parent diallel in oats (Avena sativa L.) were used to compare methods for predicting the performance of F₃ row plots. The prediction methods were: (1) individual F₂ plant performance (F2I), (2) parent average plus F₂ plot deviations (PF2), (3) parent average plus weighted F₂ plot deviations (PF2P), (4) best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) of parent average plus F₂ plot deviations (BPF2), and (5) BLUP plus weighted F₂ deviations (BF2). The F₂ single-plant traits used for prediction were biological yield to predict F₃ biological yield, whole plant and primary tiller grain yield for prediction of F₃ grain yield, and whole plant and primary tiller harvest index (HI) to predict F₃ HI. Prediction methods were evaluated by correlations between predicted and observed F₃ performance. Prediction methods and traits for which correlations were greater than for F2I included: BF2 for biological yield, PF2, PF2P and BF2 for whole plant grain yield, PF2, BPF2, and BF2 for primary tiller grain yield. None had a correlation significantly greater than F2I for either measure of HI, where heritability was large. PF2 is the recommended method for traits with low heritability because of its simplicity and because it had the largest or nearly the largest correlation for each of the yield traits. F2I is the recommended method for traits with larger heritability.Contribution No. 8821 of the U.S. Regional Pasture Research LaboratoryDeceased     

Undernutrition reduces the body weight and testicular size of bucks exposed to long days but not their ability to stimulate reproduction of seasonally anestrous goats

In semiarid conditions, feed is often scarce and variable with underfeeding being common; these factors can potentially induce fertility reductions in both sexes. Sexually active bucks are able to very efficiently fertilize out-of-season goats, but we do not know whether underfeeding would reduce the ability of bucks to fertilize goats during these periods. Two experiments were conducted to determine (i) testicular size and change of odor intensity of undernourished bucks exposed to long days and (ii) the ability of these bucks to stimulate reproductive activity in seasonally anestrous goats. In experiment 1, bucks (n = 7) were fed 1.5 times the normal maintenance requirements from September to May and formed the well-fed group. Another group of bucks (n = 7) were fed 0.5 times the maintenance requirements and formed the undernourished group. All bucks were subjected to artificially long days from 1 November to 15 January; this period was followed by a natural photoperiod until 30 May. Body weight, scrotal circumference and male odor intensity changes were determined every 2 weeks. In experiment 2, two groups of female goats (n = 26 each) were exposed to well-fed (n = 2) or undernourished bucks (n = 2) on 31 March. Ovulations and pregnancy rates were determined by transrectal ultrasonography. In experiment 1, a treatment by time interaction was detected for BW, scrotal circumference and odor intensity changes (P < 0.001). The BWs of well-fed bucks were greater than those of the undernourished bucks from October to May (P < 0.01), as were the scrotal circumferences from December to March (P < 0.05) and odor intensities from February to May (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, the proportions of females that ovulated at least once (100% v. 96%) or those that were diagnosed as pregnant (85% v. 77%; P > 0.05) did not differ significantly between the goats exposed to well-fed or undernourished bucks. The interval between the introduction of bucks and the onset of estrous behavior was shorter in goats exposed to well-fed bucks compared to the interval for those goats exposed to undernourished bucks (2.5 ± 0.2 v. 9.5 ± 0.6 days; P < 0.05). We conclude that undernourishment reduces the testicular size and odor intensity responses in bucks exposed to long days, but that undernourished bucks are still able to stimulate reproductive activity in seasonally anestrous goats, as is also the case for well-fed bucks.     

小地老虎雄蛾中胚层生殖腺缢缩瓣膜结构和功能

该文通过光镜、电镜和生化分析等方法,详细观察了小地老虎雄蛾中胚层生殖腺缢缩的形态、数目、位置和细胞特化的瓣膜结构,并研究了缢缩的瓣膜结构和隔离中胚层生殖腺分泌物的功能。结果表明：缢缩是雄蛾中胚层生殖腺上显著收缩段,有7个,分别在雄性附腺—贮精囊、贮精囊—精包腺1段、精包腺1～5各段之间,精包腺5段—C形管;缢缩自内向外为4层,即瓣膜细胞、底膜、肌肉和围膜,肌肉层发达;缢缩瓣膜结构是细胞极度伸长特化形成的,其特点是：多数细胞伸长超过原长度的一倍以上,顶区膨大呈蘑菇突,纵横交错堵塞管腔,其顶段的微绒毛致密而细长,稠密的粗面内质网和稀疏的高尔基体环绕在核的四周,细胞间隙发达;缢缩瓣膜结构具有隔离相邻区段中胚层生殖腺分泌物的功能,致使各区段分泌物在蛋白质电泳谱带数和迁移率,以及经PAS染色后在腺腔横切面上的构象存在显著差异。     

CALLING SONG DISPLACEMENT IN A ZONE OF OVERLAP AND HYBRIDIZATION

The ground crickets Allonemobius fasciatus and A. socius meet in a mosaic zone of overlap and hybridization stretching from the East Coast to at least Illinois. To test whether male calling song differences were enhanced in sympatry, we analyzed the songs of crickets from inside and outside the zone of overlap along two transects. No evidence of calling song displacement was found in A. socius males from populations within the zone of overlap. On the other hand, A. fasciatus displayed calling song displacement in three populations. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the selective pressure exerted by the challenge from a related species is frequency dependent. While not a conclusive demonstration, the observed shifts in calling song are strongly suggestive of reproductive character displacement.     

Cost of sexually embracing a large female offset by the number of eggs fertilized for small male Bufo bufo L.

When pairing with high quality females, a male increases its fitness through an increased number and/or quality of sired offsprings. In anurans, size has often been used as a measure of female quality. In the present study, we examined the effects of pairing with large females for small males in the common toad, Bufo bufo . For the first time in anurans, we show a fitness cost for males to maintain amplexus with a large female. Indeed, although we did not detect any effect of male size on male pairing success in a first breeding event in the presence of other competing males, when males that were successful in the first breeding event were tested for a second time, male pairing success strongly decreased when they had been first paired with a large female. However, the higher fecundity of large females (1.52-fold more than that of small females) may override this pairing cost, especially because high fertilization rate was not linked to male/female body size ratio. Indeed, we did not detect any difference in egg fertilization success between small males paired with large and small females. Our results suggest that predictable cues of female reproductive value exist in common toads, thus meeting a prerequisite of the occurrence of male mate choice. Male mate choice, probably underestimated in anurans, may be particularly important in species where the breeding season is short and the number of mating events for a male is limited. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 92 , 755–762.