国产兜兰属植物观赏价值评价及其在华南地区的应用前景分析

以植株的生长状况、整株姿态、叶片观赏性、开花性、花形、花色和花朵观赏期为评价指标,利用灰色关联分析,对我国原产的27种兜兰属植物的观赏价值进行了综合评价并分析了它们在华南地区的应用前景。结果表明:多花长瓣型的飘带兜兰与理想种的关联度最高,达到0.7304,是最值得在华南地区栽培的兜兰种类,其次为白旗兜兰。而紫纹兜兰、汉氏兜兰;文山兜兰、格利兜兰、带叶兜兰、亨利兜兰、同色兜兰,它们的关联度系数超过0.6;紫毛兜兰、巨瓣兜兰、红旗兜兰、天伦兜兰、长瓣兜兰、根茎兜兰的关联度均超过0.5;也是值得推广兜兰种类;杏黄兜兰、硬叶兜兰、白花兜兰由于生长状况差、开花性差等原因与理想种的关联度分别只有0.1900、0.1921、0.2917,不适于华南地区栽培;其它9种兜兰的关联度虽然介于0.35~0.50之间,但其中有些种类如虎斑兜兰、麻栗坡兜兰、波瓣兜兰、德氏兜兰等由于具有独特的观赏价值和育种潜力,也是值得在华南地区栽培的兜兰种类。     

Commentary on the WHO classification of tumors of lymphoid tissues (2008): ��Gray zone�� lymphomas overlapping with Burkitt lymphoma or classical Hodgkin lymphoma

The 2008 WHO Classification of Tumors of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues has introduced two new categories of high-grade B-cell lymphomas: entities in which features of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) overlap with Burkitt lymphoma (DLBCL/BL) or classical Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL/HL). The DLBCL/BL category encompasses cases that resemble Burkitt lymphoma morphologically, but have one or more immunophenotypic or molecular genetic deviations that would exclude it from the BL category; conversely, some cases have immunophenotypic and/or genetic features of BL, but display cytologic variability unacceptable for BL. Many of the cases in the DLBCL/BL category contain a translocation of MYC as well as either BCL2 or BCL6 (so-called double-hit lymphomas) and have a very aggressive clinical behavior. The DLBCL/HL category encompasses lymphomas that exhibit the morphology of classical Hodgkin lymphoma but the immunophenotype of DLBCL, or vice versa. Most DLBCL/HL cases described present as mediastinal masses, but this category is not limited to mediastinal lymphomas. These new categories acknowledge the increasing recognition of cases that display mixed features of two well-established diseases. Whether the existence of such cases reflects shortcomings of our current diagnostic armamentarium or a true disease continuum in which such hybrid or intermediate neoplasms actually exist remains to be determined.     

Elevated CO2 differentially alters the responses of coocurring birch and maple seedlings to a moisture gradient

Summary To determine the effects of elevated CO₂ and soil moisture status on growth and niche characteristics of birch and maple seedlings, gray birch (Betula populifolia) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were experimentally raised along a soil moisture gradient ranging from extreme drought to flooded conditions at both ambient and elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels. The magnitude of growth enhancement due to CO₂ was largely contingent on soil moisture conditions, but differently so for maple than for birch seedlings. Red maple showed greatest CO₂ enhancements under moderately moist soil conditions, whereas gray birch showed greatest enhancements under moderately dry soil conditions. Additionally, CO₂ had a relatively greater ameliorating effect in flooded conditions for red maple than for gray birch, whereas the reverse pattern was true for these species under extreme drought conditions. For both species, elevated CO₂ resulted in a reduction in niche breadths on the moisture gradient; 5% for gray birch and 23% for red maple. Species niche overlap (proportional overall) was also lower at elevated CO₂ (0.98 to: 0.88: 11%). This study highlights the utility of of experiments crossing CO₂ levels with gradients of other resources as effective tools for elucidating the potential consequences of elevated CO₂ on species distributions and potential interactions in natural communities.     

免疫组织化学染色定量方法研究（Ⅲ）

本文对免疫组织化学染色反应的定量方法进行了研究,导出阳性单位（ＰＵ）测算新公式。根据测试区域Ａ的灰度级ＧＡ和面积（ｍ＋ｎ）及阳性反应产物α相的灰度级Ｇα和面积ｎ（或背景面积ｍ）即可求得ＰＵ。公式如下：ＰＵ＝１００×｜Ｇα－ＧＡ｜／（ＡＡβ·Ｇｍａｘ）＝１００×｜Ｇα－ＧＡ｜／［（１－ＡＡα）·ｍａｘ］。式中ＡＡα＝ｎ／（ｍ＋ｎ）,ＡＡβ＝ｍ／（ｍ＋ｎ）,Ｇｍａｘ为测试仪器的最大灰度分级。本法灰度测试无需考虑灰度设定方法,只需在同一灰度设定条件下测试即可。本法还可用于其它组织化学、细胞化学和原位分子杂交反应显色程度定量。     

Estimation of offspring production from a limited number of stage-structured censuses

We propose a procedure for maximum likelihood estimation of the number of animals or offspring in a closed population where the individuals counted go through stages or age-groups. Application of the procedure requires knowledge of the distributions of the stage durations. A procedure for maximum likelihood estimation of those based on marked animals is also given. The procedures are illustrated by applying them to gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) data from Froan Nature Reserve, Central Norway, from the breeding seasons 1990-1999.     

Quantitative evaluation methods of skin condition based on texture feature parameters

In order to quantitatively evaluate the improvement of the skin condition after using skin care products and beauty, a quantitative evaluation method for skin surface state and texture is presented, which is convenient, fast and non-destructive. Human skin images were collected by image sensors. Firstly, the median filter of the 3 × 3 window is used and then the location of the hairy pixels on the skin is accurately detected according to the gray mean value and color information. The bilinear interpolation is used to modify the gray value of the hairy pixels in order to eliminate the negative effect of noise and tiny hairs on the texture. After the above pretreatment, the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is calculated. On the basis of this, the four characteristic parameters, including the second moment, contrast, entropy and correlation, and their mean value are calculated at 45 ° intervals. The quantitative evaluation model of skin texture based on GLCM is established, which can calculate the comprehensive parameters of skin condition. Experiments show that using this method evaluates the skin condition, both based on biochemical indicators of skin evaluation methods in line, but also fully consistent with the human visual experience. This method overcomes the shortcomings of the biochemical evaluation method of skin damage and long waiting time, also the subjectivity and fuzziness of the visual evaluation, which achieves the non-destructive, rapid and quantitative evaluation of skin condition. It can be used for health assessment or classification of the skin condition, also can quantitatively evaluate the subtle improvement of skin condition after using skin care products or stage beauty.     

福寿螺和田螺消化酶活性比较

为比较福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata(Lamarck,1828))和当地中国圆田螺(Cipangopaludina chinensis(Gray,1832))消化能力的差异,探索福寿螺成功入侵的机制,以田螺为对照,测定了1—4龄的福寿螺和田螺的胃和肝脏的消化酶——纤维素酶(羧甲基纤维素法)、淀粉酶(3,5-二硝基水杨酸法)和脂肪酶(滴定法)的活性。结果表明:1)相同年龄的福寿螺胃和肝脏中的消化酶活性明显高于田螺。其中,纤维素酶活性分别高出1.00—2.11倍、1.66—2.84倍;淀粉酶活性分别高出1.53—3.47倍、1.47—1.80倍;脂肪酶活性分别高出2.07—4.73倍、6.13—9.93倍。2)在生长发育过程中,福寿螺胃和肝脏中的消化酶活性变化幅度(51.2%—131.2%)明显高于田螺(23.3%—47.1%)。3)福寿螺的各种消化酶之间存在协同作用。如福寿螺的淀粉酶活性与脂肪酶活性呈极显著正相关(胃中r=0.736**、肝脏中r=0.867**)。此外,胃中的淀粉酶活性还与纤维素酶活性呈显著正相关关系(r=0.696*)。相应地,田螺胃中的淀粉酶和脂肪酶之间也存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.706*),而肝脏中的纤维素酶与脂肪酶活性呈显著负相关(r=-0.593*)。4)福寿螺对纤维素类和淀粉类物质都有较强的消化能力,且能较好地消化脂肪类物质,而田螺能消化纤维素类和淀粉类物质,对脂肪的消化能力却很弱。福寿螺的纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性分别是田螺的2.42和1.88倍,脂肪酶活性达到了5.66倍。可见,福寿螺具有较高的消化酶活性,且各消化酶之间存在正协同性。这可能是导致福寿螺食量大、食性杂,使其能快速生长和成功入侵的重要原因之一。     

Explained variation and degrees of necessity and of sufficiency for competing risks survival data

In this contribution, the Schemper–Henderson measure of explained variation for survival outcomes is extended to accommodate competing events (CEs) in addition to events of interest. The extension is achieved by moving from the unconditional and conditional survival functions of the original measure to unconditional and conditional cumulative incidence functions, the latter obtained, for example, from Fine and Gray models. In the absence of CEs, the original measure is obtained as a special case. We define explained variation on the population level and provide two different types of estimates. Recently, the authors have achieved a multiplicative decomposition of explained variation into degrees of necessity and degrees of sufficiency. These measures are also extended to the case of competing risks survival data. A SAS macro and an R function are provided to facilitate application. Interesting empirical properties of the measures are explored on the population level and by an extensive simulation study. Advantages of the approach are exemplified by an Austrian study of breast cancer with a high proportion of CEs.     

On the Classification of Ixeris Group (Compositae) from China

Ixeris Cass., strinctly speaking, is confined to plants which have achenes with sharply winged ribs. Ixeridium (A. Gray ) Tzvel. contains plants which have persistent radical leaves at anthesis and achenes with obtuse ribs and a fine rostrum at its apex. Paraixeris Nakai is restricted to plants which are of the same achenes as in the genus Ixeridium (A. Gray) Tzvel., but rostra of achenes are robust and radical leaves deciduous in flowering in the former. The Chorisis DC., a monotypic genus, is characterized by ternate palatisect leaves. In the light of the above mentioned understanding of these genera, the author thinks that the division of Chinese Ixeris group, a comparatively complex one, into four genera would be more reasonable than merging them into one genus, namely, Ixeris Cass. Based on the examination of specimens in the Herbarium of the Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica (PE), the author found that there are four species in the genus Ixeris Cass., including one new combination in China. They are I. polycephala Cass., I. dissecta (Makino) Shih, I. japonica (Burm. f. ) Nakai and I. stolonifera A. Gray. The genus Ixeridium (A. Gray ) Tzvel. has 13 species, including five new combinations and three new species in China, namely, I. sagittaroides (C. B. Clarke) Shih, I. gramineum (Ledb.) Tzvel., I. yunnarense Shih,I. graminifolium(Ledb.)Tzvel.,I, biparum Shih,I.aculeolatum Shih,I. chinense( Thunb. ) Tzvel., I. strigosum( Fisch. ) Tzvel., I. elegans( Franeh. ) Shih, I. sonchifolium (Maxim.)Shih,I. laevigatum (BI.)Shih,I. dentatum(Thunb. )Nakai and I. gracile(DC.)Shih, in China. There are six species in the genus Paraixeris Nakai, including One new combination, namely, P. denticulata(Houtt.) Nakai, P. humifusa(Dunn) Shih, P. cheldonifolia( Makino) Nakai, P. saxatilis( Baran. ) Tzvel., P.pinnatipartita (Makino)Tzvel. and P.serotina(Maxim.)Tzvel.in China.     

井冈山长柄双花木种群形态分化的数量分析

利用多种数量分析方法研究了长柄双花木种群形态分化状况,结果表明：长柄双花木5个种群的53个个体的20项形态特征中,只有7项性状的变异达显著水平,其中2个性状达极显著水平,方差分析及多种聚类分析结果都表明,总体形态分化在个体和种群水平上均未达到显著,形态分化与环境因子的灰色关联分析结果表明,在所引用的环境因子中,无一可起绝对主导作用,不同的环境因子对同一性状所起的作用不同,且同一环境因子对不同性状的影响效应也有差异,影响其生长的潜在主导因子是海拔高度,土壤pH值和乔木层透光率。