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921.
Chwang E 《Bioethics》2012,26(9):476-484
In this paper, I will argue that, while the ethical issues raised by cluster randomization can be challenging, they are not new. My thesis divides neatly into two parts. In the first, easier part I argue that many of the ethical challenges posed by cluster randomized human subjects research are clearly present in other types of human subjects research, and so are not novel. In the second, more difficult part I discuss the thorniest ethical challenge for cluster randomized research--cases where consent is genuinely impractical to obtain. I argue that once again these cases require no new analytic insight; instead, we should look to political philosophy for guidance. In other words, the most serious ethical problem that arises in cluster randomized research also arises in political philosophy. 相似文献
922.
In 2006, the Indonesian government decided to withhold avian flu samples from the World Health Organization. They argued that even though Indonesian samples were crucial to the development of vaccines, the results of vaccine research would be unaffordable for its citizens. Commentaries on the case varied from alleging blackmail to welcoming this strong stance against alleged exploitation. What is clear is that the concern expressed is related to benefit sharing. Benefit sharing requires resource users to return benefits to resource providers in order to achieve justice. One benefit sharing tool within health research is the duty to provide a health care intervention which has been proven to be beneficial (or alternative benefits) to research participants after a study has been concluded. This duty is generally known as a post-study obligation. It was enshrined in the Declaration of Helsinki in 2000 and re-emphasized in 2008. Yet, there are few, if any, examples of good practice. In this article, we analyse the obstacles to giving more bite to benefit sharing provisions in health research through ethical review. We conclude that the provision of post-study access to healthcare interventions is not a promising mechanism when monitored through research ethics committees. Alternative benefit provision is preferable if one focuses on achieving compliance. However, even the latter faces challenges, which we address in specific recommendations. 相似文献
923.
Fadel HE 《Bioethics》2012,26(3):128-135
Stem cell research is very promising. The use of human embryos has been confronted with objections based on ethical and religious positions. The recent production of reprogrammed adult (induced pluripotent) cells does not - in the opinion of scientists - reduce the need to continue human embryonic stem cell research. So the debate continues. Islam always encouraged scientific research, particularly research directed toward finding cures for human disease. Based on the expectation of potential benefits, Islamic teachings permit and support human embryonic stem cell research. The majority of Muslim scholars also support therapeutic cloning. This permissibility is conditional on the use of supernumerary early pre-embryos which are obtained during infertility treatment in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. The early pre-embryos are considered in Islamic jurisprudence as worthy of respect but do not have the full sanctity offered to the embryo after implantation in the uterus and especially after ensoulment. In this paper the Islamic positions regarding human embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning are reviewed in some detail, whereas positions in other religious traditions are mentioned only briefly. The status of human embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning in different countries, including the USA and especially in Muslim countries, is discussed. 相似文献
924.
Andrej A. Romanovsky 《Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)》2012,11(22):4118-4121
Proposed by Hirsch as a quantitative measure of the total output of a researcher, the h index does not work well in the field of life sciences, where an author’s position on a paper typically depends on the author’s contribution. We revise the h index by weighing first and last authorship papers four times heavier than middle authorship papers. The revised index (r) signifies a shift in how we evaluate the research output in biology and medicine: it places more value on conducting and directing original, independent investigations as compared with contributing to projects conducted and directed by others. 相似文献
925.
M. Gareis 《Mycotoxin Research》2003,19(2):95-101
Mycotoxin research has a long tradition in Germany and is documented by a series of annual meetings which started 25 years
ago. This paper gives an historical review on these Mycotoxin-Workshops. The first mycotoxin workshop in 1979 at the Federal
Centre for Meat Research in Kulmbach was initiated by the former Federal Ministry of Agriculture and mainly thought to bring
together scientists from the Federal research facilities. Main topics at that early time of mycotoxin research were food and
feed safety, the mycology of toxin producers, the analysis and toxicology of mycotoxins. In the following years the Mycotoxin
Workshop was influenced not only by working groups from the Federal research facilities but also from universities, state
laboratories, other organisations and research scientists from outside Germany and with different disciplines. The number
of participants increased from 19 at the beginning to more than 150 up to now and in order to organise these annual meetings
at varying locations, in 1997 the society for mycotoxin research was founded. Since that time the Society for Mycotoxin Research
(www.mykotoxin.de) is responsible for the organisation of the Mycotoxin Workshops.
In addition the Society for Mycotoxin Research organizes the Brigitte Gedek science award, endowed with ¢ 10,000, and the
Münchner Mycotoxin fellowship program, both intented to promote scientific research in mycotoxinology.
Presented at the 25th Mykotoxin Workshop in Giessen, Germany, May 19–21, 2003 相似文献
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Marilyn A. Norconk Sylvia Atsalis Gregg Tully Ana Maria Santillán Siân Waters Cheryl D. Knott Stephen R. Ross Sam Shanee Daniel Stiles 《American journal of primatology》2020,82(1):e23079
This commentary emerged from a panel presentation at the International Primatological Society Congress in Nairobi, Kenya, 2018. The goal was to provide regional updates on the status of primate removal from habitat countries, especially for the pet trade, and develop guidelines that could help primatologists address this critical problem. The trade in live primates includes those used as pets, in entertainment, and as subjects of biomedical experimentation, but here we focus on those primates destined for the pet trade. Such transactions are a hugely lucrative business, impacting hundreds of thousands of individuals annually and affecting the survival of wild populations. Being intimately familiar with primate social behavior, life history and biology, primatologists, whether they work with captive or wild primates, are in a unique position to understand the nature of the trade and attempt to counter its effects. In addition to updating the status of the primate pet trade, we provide recommendations that may help primatologists formulate a plan to deal, locally and regionally, with illegal trafficking in live primates. General guidelines include increasing awareness of local customs, policies and laws; developing collaborative research opportunities for local people; engaging in training/informational opportunities; and instructing on how to take action when encountering illegally-trafficked primates. 相似文献
930.
David K. Chan 《Bioethics》2015,29(4):274-282
Despite criticism that dignity is a vague and slippery concept, a number of international guidelines on bioethics have cautioned against research that is contrary to human dignity, with reference specifically to genetic technology. What is the connection between genetic research and human dignity? In this article, I investigate the concept of human dignity in its various historical forms, and examine its status as a moral concept. Unlike Kant's ideal concept of human dignity, the empirical or relational concept takes human dignity as something that is affected by one's circumstances and what others do. I argue that the dignity objection to some forms of genetic research rests on a view of human nature that gives humans a special status in nature – one that is threatened by the potential of genetic research to reduce individuals to their genetic endowment. I distinguish two main philosophical accounts of human nature. One of these, the Aristotelian view, is compatible with the use of genetic technology to help humans realize their inherent potential to a fuller extent. 相似文献