铜绿微囊藻的分子研究进展

中国淡水湖泊、水库众多,富营养化问题严重。铜绿微囊藻是中国湖泊、水库及其他水域生态系统发生、形成富营养化危害的主要藻类。目前对铜绿微囊藻的研究主要集中在水华成因、生长的特点、作用机理等,对其生命活动相关的分子机制研究不多。该文主要从生物节律、毒素合成、藻胆蛋白合成及其调控机制和ATP合成酶等四个方面综述了铜绿微囊藻的分子研究进展,为今后进一步研究铜绿微囊藻的分子作用机理及其防治具有重要意义。     

我国医疗质量研究30年的历史回顾与基本特征

医药卫生体制改革已走过30年光辉历程。利用CNKI检索系统,采取文献回顾方法,首次全面系统回顾医疗质量研究状况。医疗质量研究可以划分为阶段明显的3个时期,每个历史阶段的基本特征明显。研究发现,卫生质量研究的主题是医疗质量。医疗质量议题由少到多,由冷到热,由边缘到主流,成为卫生政策与医院管理的核心议题。基本结论是,卫生质量与医疗质量的研究目的、动力源泉、研究范围、研究议题、研究方法和理论视角亟待结构调整,以回应国人不断提高的健康需要,深化医药卫生体制改革,加强医学人文关怀,建立卫生保健财政制度,构建和谐医患关系。     

Parenting and Cultures of Risk: A Comparative Analysis of Infidelity, Aggression, and Witchcraft

Parenting behavior may respond flexibly to environmental risk to help prepare children for the environment they can expect to face as adults. In hazardous environments where child outcomes are unpredictable, unresponsive parenting could be adaptive. Child development associated with parenting practices, in turn, may influence cultural patterns related to insecurity and aggression (which we call the "risk-response model"). We test these propositions in a cross-cultural analysis. The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) includes indicators of parental responsiveness: father–infant sleeping proximity, father involvement, parental response to infant crying, and breastfeeding duration (age at weaning). Unresponsive parenting was associated with cultural models including greater acceptance of extramarital sex, aggression, theft, and witchcraft. Socialization practices in later childhood were not better predictors of the outcomes than was earlier parenting. We conclude that some cultural adaptations appear rooted in parenting practices that affect child development.     

BIOETHICS AND DEMOCRACY: COMPETING ROLES OF NATIONAL BIOETHICS ORGANISATIONS

In establishing National Bioethics Organisations (NBOs), liberal democracies seek to acknowledge the diversity of strongly held ethical positions and the imperative to engage in public debate about important bioethical decisions. NBOs are typically given a range of responsibilities, including contributing to and stimulating public debate; providing expert opinion on relevant issues for policy deliberations; and developing public policy. The state is now found to have an interest in areas previously thought to be a matter of individual choice. NBOs can provide one way of opening up public debate to allow the diversity of views to be heard in a manner that is well‐informed, articulate and responsive to both expert and ‘lay’ public views. We draw on debates in political theory about democratic decision‐making and on the policy making roles of some key NBOs. We are particularly interested in examining the capacity of NBOs to meet the democratic ideal of effective participation by the public, or citizenry, especially by those who are directly affected by the policies, in the development of effective public policy. We provide a basic framework for policy development involving NBOs that can begin to meet this ideal, a process of ‘contested deliberation’.     

国外国家公园教育利用研究进展与启示

教育是国家公园的主要功能之一, 教育利用是国家公园的公益性和国家主导性要求。我国国家公园体制建设起步较晚, 国家公园教育利用的实践经验和理论探讨相对不足。本文基于Web of Science核心合集数据库相关文献, 系统回顾了国外国家公园教育利用的研究进展, 并对国内未来研究进行展望。21世纪以来, 国外的国家公园教育利用研究进展加快, 相关文献多发表在环境科学和地球科学类期刊, 研究内容主要包括教育资源评估以及教育目的、教育管理、教育成效及其影响因素。国家公园教育资源丰富, 教育价值评估和教育利用适宜性评价是对其合理利用及保护管理的前提。教育目的主要包括争取保护支持、缓解社区冲突、提供文化及教育服务和防范旅游伤害, 多样化的教育媒介使用及针对性的教育设计、良好的教育合作共同促进教育成效的最佳实现。教育成效围绕教育目标分类的认知/意识、情感/态度、行为等维度评估教育受众在教育前后的表现差异, 主要受个体特征与教育管理两方面因素影响。国外国家公园教育利用研究已初步形成研究内容体系, 并呈现研究区域集中、学科理论交叉、研究方法趋于定性与定量综合运用、研究内容丰富且涉及领域广等特点。本文提出未来中国应重点加强国家公园教育资源评价、教育内容体系、教育媒介应用、教育合作与管理、教育成效及其影响因素分析等研究议题。     

Richard J. Hobbs: how one ecologist has influenced the way we think about restoration ecology

Professor Richard Hobbs has had a profound influence on the development of the discipline of restoration ecology. With more than 300 publications spanning a broad scope of applied ecological sciences, he has collaborated with hundreds of researchers. His sometimes‐provocative insights, balanced by extensive empirical research, will have a lasting impact by encouraging people to think more broadly about the science and practice of ecological restoration. Here, on the eve of his retirement, some of his staff and students, past and present, take a retrospective look at his contributions to restoration ecology both as a scientist and as a mentor.     

Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: Evaluation techniques at different stages of market and technical maturity

Life cycle assessment (LCA) analysts are increasingly being asked to conduct life cycle‐based systems level analysis at the earliest stages of technology development. While early assessments provide the greatest opportunity to influence design and ultimately environmental performance, it is the stage with the least available data, greatest uncertainty, and a paucity of analytic tools for addressing these challenges. While the fundamental approach to conducting an LCA of emerging technologies is akin to that of LCA of existing technologies, emerging technologies pose additional challenges. In this paper, we present a broad set of market and technology characteristics that typically influence an LCA of emerging technologies and identify questions that researchers must address to account for the most important aspects of the systems they are studying. The paper presents: (a) guidance to identify the specific technology characteristics and dynamic market context that are most relevant and unique to a particular study, (b) an overview of the challenges faced by early stage assessments that are unique because of these conditions, (c) questions that researchers should ask themselves for such a study to be conducted, and (d) illustrative examples from the transportation sector to demonstrate the factors to consider when conducting LCAs of emerging technologies. The paper is intended to be used as an organizing platform to synthesize existing methods, procedures and insights and guide researchers, analysts and technology developer to better recognize key study design elements and to manage expectations of study outcomes.     

Research priorities for natural ecosystems in a changing global climate

Climate change poses significant emerging risks to biodiversity, ecosystem function and associated socioecological systems. Adaptation responses must be initiated in parallel with mitigation efforts, but resources are limited. As climate risks are not distributed equally across taxa, ecosystems and processes, strategic prioritization of research that addresses stakeholder‐relevant knowledge gaps will accelerate effective uptake into adaptation policy and management action. After a decade of climate change adaptation research within the Australian National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, we synthesize the National Adaptation Research Plans for marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. We identify the key, globally relevant priorities for ongoing research relevant to informing adaptation policy and environmental management aimed at maximizing the resilience of natural ecosystems to climate change. Informed by both global literature and an extensive stakeholder consultation across all ecosystems, sectors and regions in Australia, involving thousands of participants, we suggest 18 priority research topics based on their significance, urgency, technical and economic feasibility, existing knowledge gaps and potential for cobenefits across multiple sectors. These research priorities provide a unified guide for policymakers, funding organizations and researchers to strategically direct resources, maximize stakeholder uptake of resulting knowledge and minimize the impacts of climate change on natural ecosystems. Given the pace of climate change, it is imperative that we inform and accelerate adaptation progress in all regions around the world.     

Ethical principles for promoting health research data sharing with sub‐Saharan Africa

A powerful feature of global health research is data‐sharing with regions which bear the heaviest burden of disease. It offers novel opportunities for aggregating data to address critical global health challenges in ways higher than relying on individual studies. Yet there exist important stratifiers of the capacity to share data, particularly across the Global North‐South divide. Systemic challenges that characterize sub‐Saharan Africa and disadvantage the region's scientific productivity threaten the burgeoning data‐sharing culture too. Like all endeavors requiring equal commitments under unequal circumstances, a strong ethical impetus is needed to help reduce inequities and imbalances to encourage adherence. This article discusses mandatory data‐sharing in relation to peculiar challenges faced by sub‐Saharan African scientists to suggest ethical principles for rethinking and reframing solutions. We propose six principles which mirror guidelines from the Institute of Medicine and encapsulate principles from the Emanuel Framework, Nairobi Data Sharing Principles, and the COHRED guidelines.