全球精神疾病治疗药物分析报告（2014）（I）

报告采用文献调研、数据库检索、数据统计与分析、专家咨询等定性定量情报研究方法,对全球精神疾病治疗药物研发情况从上市、注册与预注册、临床研究各阶段、发现阶段及暂停撤回终止阶段进行多角度、多层次的分析,旨在为精神疾病治疗药物的研发提供参考。     

美国生命科学两用性研究监管政策分析

目的:近年来高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒基因改造研究及美国国家生物安全科学咨询委员会的监管建议引起广泛争议,美国发布了生命科学两用性研究监管政策。本研究旨在通过对美国生命科学两用性研究监管政策进行分析,探讨两用性研究发展和监管趋势。方法:通过文献检索,获取生命科学两用性研究监管政策相关的情报源,对美国政府生命科学两用性研究监管的政策背景、主要内容、政策评论、政策动因进行系统梳理与分析。结果:美国政府出台的生命科学两用性研究监管政策,有助于美国对整个生命科学研究周期(从最初提交资助申请到研究结论和研究成果交流)潜在的误用风险进行管理。结论:美国生命科学两用性研究引发极大争议,两用性研究监管主要依靠生命科学团体的自我管理,政策具有指导性而非强制性。     

颅内海绵窦脑膜瘤的临床研究进展

海绵窦脑膜瘤虽多为良性肿瘤,但由于其解剖位置的特殊性,往往可累及颈内动脉、Ⅲ~Ⅵ对颅神经甚至垂体等重要结构,表现出类似恶性肿瘤的生物学行为。由于其毗邻颅内重要结构,手术全切难度高。近年来,随着CT、MR等现代影像技术的发展及广泛应用,以及对海绵窦解剖的认识、显微外科和颅底外科技术的发展,海绵窦脑膜瘤在术前诊断、评估及手术治疗等方面已取得了长足进步。然而,由于此区解剖复杂,手术难度大,在治疗方法上还存在一定的争议。我们对海绵窦脑膜瘤目前诊断及治疗策略的进展进行简要概述。     

An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Carbon Capture and Storage Assessment Methods

Climate change is one of the most serious threats facing humankind. Mitigating climate change will require a suite of actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a new technology aimed at mitigating climate change by capturing and storing carbon dioxide, typically in deep geological reservoirs. CCS has risks characteristic of new technologies, as well as risks unique to this technology and its application. Large‐scale CCS decision making is complex, encompassing environmental, social, and economic considerations and requiring the risks to be taken into consideration. CCS projects have been cancelled as a result of inadequate assessments of risks. To date, studies assessing CCS have been limited mostly to environmental, social, and economic fields in isolation from each other, predominantly using life cycle assessments (LCAs), cost benefit analyses (CBAs), or surveys of public perception. LCAs, CBAs, and surveys of public perception all have limitations for assessing difficult multifaceted problems. Incompatibilities across CCS assessment methods have hindered the comparison of the results across these single‐discipline studies and limited the possibility of drawing broader conclusions about CCS development. More standardization across assessment methods, study assumptions, functional units, and assessment criteria for CCS could be beneficial to the integration of multiple study results. We propose a set of criteria, which decision analysts could use to develop CCS‐project–specific criteria lists in order to comprehensively assess a CCS project's viability. This list was created by determining the frequency of use of each criterion in recent studies, with a focus on their use across disciplines.     

COMBINE archive and OMEX format: one file to share all information to reproduce a modeling project

Background

With the ever increasing use of computational models in the biosciences, the need to share models and reproduce the results of published studies efficiently and easily is becoming more important. To this end, various standards have been proposed that can be used to describe models, simulations, data or other essential information in a consistent fashion. These constitute various separate components required to reproduce a given published scientific result.

Results

We describe the Open Modeling EXchange format (OMEX). Together with the use of other standard formats from the Computational Modeling in Biology Network (COMBINE), OMEX is the basis of the COMBINE Archive, a single file that supports the exchange of all the information necessary for a modeling and simulation experiment in biology. An OMEX file is a ZIP container that includes a manifest file, listing the content of the archive, an optional metadata file adding information about the archive and its content, and the files describing the model. The content of a COMBINE Archive consists of files encoded in COMBINE standards whenever possible, but may include additional files defined by an Internet Media Type. Several tools that support the COMBINE Archive are available, either as independent libraries or embedded in modeling software.

Conclusions

The COMBINE Archive facilitates the reproduction of modeling and simulation experiments in biology by embedding all the relevant information in one file. Having all the information stored and exchanged at once also helps in building activity logs and audit trails. We anticipate that the COMBINE Archive will become a significant help for modellers, as the domain moves to larger, more complex experiments such as multi-scale models of organs, digital organisms, and bioengineering.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-014-0369-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Ethical Considerations in Clinical Trials: A Critique of the ICH‐GCP Guideline

This article examines issues relating to ethics decision‐making in clinical trials. The overriding concern is to ensure that the well being and the interests of human subjects are adequately safeguarded. In this respect, this article will embark on a critical analysis of the ICH‐GCP Guideline. The purpose of such an undertaking is to highlight areas of concern and the shortcomings of the existing ICH‐GCP Guideline. Particular emphasis is made on how ethics committees perform their duties and responsibilities in line with the principles outlined in the ICH‐GCP Guideline. This article will draw attention to the need for a new approach to addressing the weaknesses of the ICH‐GCP Guideline in its present form.     

Assessing and conserving groundwater biodiversity: synthesis and perspectives

1. This paper is a synthesis of a special issue on groundwater biodiversity with a focus on obligate subterranean species, the stygobionts. The series of papers constitutes a great leap forward in assessing and understanding biodiversity patterns because of the use of large quantitative data sets obtained over a broad geographic scale. They also represent a conceptual shift, away from a purely taxonomic and phylogenetic focus to the analysis of whole groundwater assemblages.
2. The general patterns emerging for groundwater fauna are: very high levels of endemism, low local diversity relative to regional diversity, a limited number of lineages, occurrence of many relicts, and truncated food webs with very few predators.
3. β-Diversity is at least as important as α-diversity in determining total richness at different scales (aquifer, basin and region) and overall taxa richness increases across spatial scales.
4. Advances in understanding groundwater biodiversity patterns further include identification of several important factors related to geology and hydrology that determine the composition of European stygobiotic assemblages.
5. Important challenges for future research include improving sampling strategies, filling gaps in sampling coverage, intensifying research on theoretical and statistical models, and including functional and genetic diversity components in biodiversity assessments.
6. Strategies are proposed for protecting groundwater biodiversity and an argument is made to integrate biodiversity in groundwater management. Applying principles such as complementarity and flexibility for groundwater biodiversity conservation is a major step toward delineating a reserve network that maximise species representation at the European scale.     

中国孢粉学的研究进展与展望

中国古生物学会孢粉学分会今年迎来了学会成立30周年纪念.本文就中国孢粉学的发展历程作了简要的回顾,重点列举中国孢粉学在地层孢粉学、第四纪孢粉学、孢粉形态学和应用孢粉学等方面所取得的成就和研究进展,并对中国孢粉学的今后发展提出展望,呼吁中国孢粉工作者不断开拓,利用当前孢粉学良好的发展机遇,开创新的辉煌.     

在植物考据研究中应用进化思想的探讨

探讨了在植物考据研究中如何应用进化思想。我们认为在确定中国古籍文献中记载植物的学名时,对部分植物宜采用集合种（或复合种）的概念。