遥感和GIS支持下的城市植被生态效益评价

在综合国内外的城市植被生态效益研究的基础上,指出运用遥感和GIS技术将能更有效地进行植被生态效益的评价。文中介绍了美国AMERICAN FORESTS协会在进行城市和区域的植被生态效益研究中所采用的城市生态系统分析法（UEA）,以及在ARC/VIEW地理信息系统软件基础上开发的City-green模块的基本特点及其应用,以期促进遥感和GIS技术在我国城市植被生态效益定量评价中的应用,以及区域的可持续发展和生态建设。     

Evolution of the cytochromeb gene of mammals

Summary With the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and versatile primers that amplify the whole cytochromeb gene (∼ 1140 bp), we obtained 17 complete gene sequences representing three orders of hoofed mammals (ungulates) and dolphins (cetaceans). The fossil record of some ungulate lineages allowed estimation of the evolutionary rates for various components of the cytochromeb DNA and amino acid sequences. The relative rates of substitution at first, second, and third positions within codons are in the ratio 10 to 1 to at least 33. For deep divergences (>5 million years) it appears that both replacements and silent transversions in this mitochondrial gene can be used for phylogenetic inference. Phylogenetic findings include the association of (1) cetaceans, artiodactyls, and perissodactyls to the exclusion of elephants and humans, (2) pronghorn and fallow deer to the exclusion of bovids (i. e., cow, sheep, and goat), (3) sheep and goat to the exclusion of other pecorans (i. e., cow, giraffe, deer, and pronghorn), and (4) advanced ruminants to the exclusion of the chevrotain and other artiodactyls. Comparisons of these cytochromeb sequences support current structure-function models for this membrane-spanning protein. That part of the outer surface which includes the Q_o redox center is more constrained than the remainder of the molecule, namely, the transmembrane segments and the surface that protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix. Many of the amino acid replacements within the transmembrane segments are exchanges between hydrophobic residues (especially leucine, isoleucine, and valine). Replacement changes at first and second positions of codons approximate a negative binomial distribution, similar to other protein-coding sequences. At four-fold degenerate positions of codons, the nucleotide substitutions approximate a Poisson distribution, implying that the underlying mutational spectrum is random with respect to position.     

Bioactivity of soy-based fermented foods: A review

For centuries, fermented soy foods have been dietary staples in Asia and, now, in response to consumer demand, they are available throughout the world. Fermentation bestows unique flavors, boosts nutritional values and increases or adds new functional properties. In this review, we describe the functional properties and underlying action mechanisms of soy-based fermented foods such as Natto, fermented soy milk, Tempeh and soy sauce. When possible, the contribution of specific bioactive components is highlighted. While numerous studies with in vitro and animal models have hinted at the functionality of fermented soy foods, ascribing health benefits requires well-designed, often complex human studies with analysis of diet, lifestyle, family and medical history combined with long-term follow-ups for each subject. In addition, the contribution of the microbiome to the bioactivities of fermented soy foods, possibly mediated through direct action or bioactive metabolites, needs to be studied. Potential synergy or other interactions among the microorganisms carrying out the fermentation and the host's microbial community may also contribute to food functionality, but the details still require elucidation. Finally, safety evaluation of fermented soy foods has been limited, but is essential in order to provide guidelines for consumption and confirm lack of toxicity.     

有螺江滩林农复合生态系统不同调控模式的综合效益评价

应用层次分析法,对南埂江滩林农复合生态系统不同调控模式与芦苇模式的经济、生态、社会以及综合效益进行评价.结果表明,滩地上建立的林农复合生态系统---“抑螺防病林”,各效益均显著高于原来的芦苇系统,是治理与开发有螺滩地的有效途径.对于林农复合生态系统不同调控模式而言,经济效益,块状皆伐模式最高,不伐模式第二,其它4种间伐处理模式相对较低且相互之间差异不大;生态效益,各模式之间较为接近,无明显差别;社会效益,块状皆伐模式最高,不伐模式最低,其它4种间伐处理模式居中;综合效益,各模式之间的大小顺序与经济效益相似.块状皆伐为最佳模式.对于包括块状皆伐在内的5种间伐调控模式,进一步提高其效益的关键是选择经济价值、特别是产投比高的植物栽培品种;对于不伐模式,继续进行林下间种,是提高该模式社会效益和综合效益的有效措施.     

直接免疫荧光法检测狂犬病毒滴度的可行性研究

实验研究中建立用于定量检测狂犬病毒滴度的直接免疫荧光法,并将检测结果与传统小鼠脑内滴定法进行了比较,对照两种试验方法的灵敏度、特异性和重复性。结果显示,两种检测方法特异性基本一致;相同样品经多次检测的病毒滴度相近,重复性好、灵敏度高。直接免疫荧光法具有特异、灵敏、快速、操作简单、无需使用动物等优点,可应用于狂犬病毒滴度的定量检测。     

大肠杆菌的直流电场刺激过程

以钛网电极和铂网电极对培养瓶中大肠杆菌生长过程进行加电刺激,研究其在直流电场作用下的生长情况,并结合循环伏安扫描、恒电流、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)及测定菌体ATP酶活力等技术对大肠杆菌的直流电场刺激过程进行研究。结果表明,在0-0.2275mA/cm2范围内,随着电流密度的增加,直流电场对大肠杆菌生长量的增长促进作用逐渐增加,而0.0455mA/cm2的电场则是获得最大活菌量的最适电流密度;通过对析氢活性不同的铂网电极与钛网电极通加相同电流密度的电场,发现铂电极培养体系菌体生长优于钛电极培养体系菌体的生长。经验证发现引起这种变化的原因主要是水的阴极电解产物吸附氢和氢气比例的不同引起的;同时发现在0.091mA/cm2电流密度下,直流电场能有效提高ATP酶的活力,在8h时通电菌样酶活为不通电菌样酶活的3.2倍;通过对0.0455mA/cm2直流电场刺激后的菌体蛋白进行SDS-PAGE分析发现加电菌体在分子量25kD与35kD左右多肽表达量明显高于不加电菌体的多肽表达量,而在分子量为66.2kD左右时多肽表达量低于不加电菌体多肽表达量。     

顾及土地利用强度和生态-经济权衡的四川省陆地生态系统碳储量预测与热点分析

中国致力于在2060年前实现碳中和,为缓解气候变化的全球性目标贡献力量。人类活动引起的土地变化是造成碳排放的主要原因之一。四川省森林资源丰富,具有较高的经济增长潜力和重要的生态地位,是中国实现碳中和的关键区域之一。为从土地管理的角度为中国的碳中和提供政策支持,本文在顾及土地利用强度和生态-经济权衡的情景下预测了四川省2030年的土地变化,提出了顾及土地利用强度的陆地生态系统未来碳储量估算方法,并估算了四川省2030年的碳储量。结果表明,四川省若能在未来平衡经济效益和生态效益,可在2030年同时实现经济生产总值(相对于2020)增加约34%和碳储量增加约3%。为实现上述目标,四川省未来具体需加强西北部高原温带湿润/半湿润地区和高原亚寒带半湿润地区的林地和湿地的保护与扩张,并促进以成都为核心的四川省东南部中亚热带湿润地区城市的均衡发展。     

Student engagement in direct instruction,undergraduate microbiology laboratories

Introductory laboratory courses are a standard component of undergraduate science programmes and historically taught using direct instruction/confirmatory lab models. Previous studies have shown that inquiry-based labs enhance student engagement in science courses. However, research on how direct instruction introductory lab courses effectively engage undergraduate students is lacking. This study, therefore, using a mixed model design, examined student engagement in an introductory direct instruction microbiology lab. Data was collected through self-report surveys, classroom observations, and interviews at a Midwestern, post-secondary institution in the USA. The findings suggest that students found the lab activities engaging. This study provides baseline data which describes student engagement and student perspectives in a direct instruction undergraduate microbiology lab course. This baseline data can be used in further research against which comparisons can be made when studying other types of lab teaching interventions.     

质粒AmpCs检测方法的研究

目的：探讨质粒介导的I型β-内酰胺酶(AmpCs)的检测方法。方法：用直接法、间接I法和间接I法,对385株细菌进行了质粒AmpCs检测,并对结果进行了比较。结果：共检出阳性菌17株,可疑菌8株,直接法检出率最低,间接I法和间接Ⅱ法的检出率相同,在部分可疑结果的判断上,间接Ⅱ法不如间接I法。结论：间接Ⅱ法操作方便,可避免一些不良因素的影响,准确性和特异性高,在临床上值得应用。     

A combination of fuzzy set ordination with detrended correspondence analysis: One way to combine multi-environmental variables with vegetation data

This paper examines one possible way of Fuzzy Set Ordination by using multi-environmental variables. FSO's function is improved through combination with Detrended Correspondence Analysis which is used to summarize environmental information. It can be used to analyse the relationships between vegetation and environment no matter how many environmental variables are involved. An example with vegetation and environmental data collected from upland grasslands in Northern Snowdonia, Wales, is presented. Its results are consistent with that of CCA and DCCA.Abbreviations FSO Fuzzy set ordination - DCA Detrended correspondence analysis - CCA Canonical correspondence analysis - DCCA Detrended canonical correspondence analysis