磁共振成像应用于检测胎盘植入介入治疗

为了探讨磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)在胎盘植入介入治疗中的诊断作用和为临床治疗提供依据,本研究选取30例于2012年6月至2015年12月间在我院进行介入治疗的胎盘植入患者作为研究对象,根据病理诊断标准,分析患者胎盘植入介入治疗前后的MRI检查结果。结果显示,粘连性胎盘的敏感性和特异性分别为77.5%和90.2%,植入性胎盘的敏感性和特异性分别为75.5%和87.7%,穿透性胎盘的敏感性和特异性分别为85%和100%。最好的预测胎盘植入的MRI特征是在T2W磁共振成像(T2W-MRI)序列上存在暗色的胎盘内条带。介入治疗1年后复查时,发现患者子宫恢复为正常大小,宫腔内的胎盘组织基本消失,宫壁与植入胎盘融合、宫腔内膜线和子宫结合带的信号完整。综上结果,说明MRI可作为检测胎盘植入可靠性和可重复性的工具,并且能够显示胎盘植入部位及子宫肌层受侵程度,可用于评价胎盘植入介入治疗的疗效。     

基于非结构蛋白1(NS1)的黄病毒感染诊断研究进展

蚊虫传播的黄病毒造成的传染病是人类健康的重要威胁,有效的早期精确诊断对预防与控制黄病毒感染并及时有效开展病患救治至关重要。然而由于黄病毒在血液中核酸可检测窗口短,核酸检测手段难以发挥优势,必须要通过血清学的诊断与病毒分离予以佐证,而血清学检测也要面对黄病毒之间存在的交叉反应问题。本文介绍了基于黄病毒非结构蛋白1(NS1)建立的检测手段。NS1蛋白在病人血清中含量很高是良好早期诊断靶标,基于NS1蛋白的黄病毒血清学诊断的检测窗口较长、灵敏度高、特异性强,具有独特的优势。尤其是2016年寨卡病毒暴发以来基于NS1的检测技术在灵敏度与特异性上得到快速与多元的发展,为黄病毒的精确检测带开启了新的局面。     

血清降钙素原用于烧伤脓毒症早期诊断的临床研究

目的:分析特重度烧伤患者血清降钙素原(PCT)水平,探讨其在烧伤脓毒症早期诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年1月解放军总医院第一附属医院烧伤整形科收治的259例特重度烧伤患者的病例资料,根据患者烧伤ICU住院期间是否发生脓毒症分为脓毒症组(86例,359个检测时间点)与非脓毒症组(173例,1591个检测时间点),收集患者年龄、性别、烧伤面积、烧伤深度、合并有吸入性损伤情况等一般资料,记录每个检测时间点的血常规、肝肾功、血气分析及血清PCT值等实验室检查结果。比较两组患者基线情况及各项脓毒症相关生物学指标,分析各项生物学指标脓毒症诊断能力及不同PCT截断值的诊断效能,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,评估各项生物学指标烧伤脓毒症的诊断效能。结果:两组体温、心率、呼吸频率、血小板计数、胆碱酯酶、脑钠肽差异无统计学意义(P0.05),脓毒症组血清PCT水平[4.52(2.35~8.83) vs 1.33(0.74~3.24)]、白细胞计数[24.28 (17.48~33.09) vs 20.11 (16.01~25.4)]、血糖[13.12 (9.66~17.28) vs 10.45 (8.31~13.13)]、肌酐[71.60 (57.94~89.62) vs 61.48(48.87~73.48)]、总胆红素差[30.07(22.63~38.69) vs 21.04(15.53~28.4)]显著高于非脓毒症组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其区分脓毒症与非脓毒症的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.801 (95%CI为0.776~0.824,P0.01)、0.617 (95%CI为0.581~0.652,P0.01)、0.658(95%CI为0.624~0.691,P0.01)、0.671(95%CI为0.640~0.702,P0.01)、0.722(95%CI为0.694~0.691,P0.01)。PCT的有效截断值为2.0 ng/mL(敏感度84.4%、特异度62.1%)、3.0 ng/m L(敏感度70.8%、特异度71.8%)、4.0 ng/m L(敏感度58.1%、特异度81.2%)。结论:PCT可作为烧伤脓毒症早期诊断的有效生物学指标。     

Population trends in emergency cancer diagnoses: The role of changing patient case-mix

BackgroundDiagnosis of cancer through an emergency presentation is associated with worse clinical and patient experience outcomes. The proportion of patients with cancer who are diagnosed through emergency presentations has consequently been introduced as a routine cancer surveillance measure in England. Welcome reductions in this metric have been reported over more than a decade but whether reductions reflect true changes in how patients are diagnosed rather than the changing case-mix of incident cohorts in unknown.MethodsWe analysed ‘Routes to Diagnosis’ data on cancer patients (2006–2015) and used logistic regression modelling to determine the contribution of changes in four case-mix variables (sex, age, deprivation, cancer site) to time-trends in emergency presentations.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2015 there was an absolute 4.7 percentage point reduction in emergency presentations (23.8%–19.2%). Changing distributions of the four case-mix variables explained 19.0% of this reduction, leaving 81.0% unexplained. Changes in cancer site case-mix alone explained 16.0% of the total reduction.ConclusionChanges in case-mix (particularly that of cancer sites) account for about a fifth of the overall reduction in emergency presentations. This would support the use of adjustment/standardisation of reported statistics to support their interpretation and help appreciate the influence of case-mix, particularly regarding cancer sites with changing incidence. However, most of the reduction in emergency presentations remains unaccounted for, and likely reflects genuine changes during the study period in how patients were being diagnosed.     

难治性急性白血病研究现状与进展

难治性急性白血病治疗反应差,诱导缓解率低,复发率高,生存期短,因而是白血病治疗中的难题。本文从难治性急性白血病诊断标准与免疫学、细胞遗传学及分子生物学特征,多药耐药与难治性白血病,难治性急性白血病治疗现状以及治疗展望五大方面阐述了难治性急性白血病研究现状与进展。基础与初步临床研究显示中药配合化疗能够提高难治性急性白血病围化疗期临床缓解率。认为中药在提高难治性白血病临床疗效方面具有潜在临床应用前景和开发的商业价值,值得进行深入研究。     

三维肺部图像中疑似肺结节结构的自动提取

本文提出了一种肺部CT图像三维数据中自动提取疑似结节区域的方法。首先结合阈值分割、种子填充等方法,在三维体数据上分割出肺实质。进而利用改进的模糊C均值聚类,提取出结节及具有结节特征的血管、支气管等感兴趣区域。该工作对感兴趣区域的特征提取有重要意义,是早期肺癌计算机辅助诊断重要的一步。     

多层螺旋CT在诊断小儿急性阑尾炎中的应用

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT对小儿急性阑尾炎的诊断价值。方法:回顾分析经临床手术病理证实的53例小儿急性阑尾炎的CT表现特点。所有患儿均行多排CT横断面扫描及MPVR重建。结果:53例中,单纯性阑尾炎2例;急性化脓性阑尾炎伴周围炎4例,其中1例合并紫癜;急性化脓性阑尾炎伴穿孔33例,其中1例合并回肠末端美克尔憩室;坏疽性阑尾炎伴穿孔6例;阑尾脓肿8例。CT平扫以及MPVR重建显示阑尾肿大、增粗(直径大于6mm)30例,阑尾内粪石27例,阑尾周围蜂窝织炎23例,阑尾周围脓肿8例,大量腹水6例。结论:多层螺旋CT扫描及重建技术能为小儿阑尾炎的诊断提供有力依据,提高临床术前诊断能力。     

涎液化糖链抗原、基质金属蛋白酶-7和透明质酸联合诊断结缔组织病合并间质性肺疾病的临床价值

摘要 目的：探讨涎液化糖链抗原（KL-6）、基质金属蛋白酶-7（MMP-7）和透明质酸（HA）联合诊断结缔组织病合并间质性肺疾病（ILD）的价值。方法：选取2017年12月至2019年12月本院收治的69例结缔组织病合并ILD患者作为本文研究对象（合并ILD组）,以单纯结缔组织病患者67例,同期体检的60例健康受试者分别作为单纯结缔组织病组和对照组。比较三组受试者血清KL-6、MMP-7和HA,Logistic回归分析确定结缔组织病发生ILD的独立影响因素,通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析诊断效能。结果：三组血清KL-6、MMP-7和HA水平有差异（P<0.05）,合并ILD组患者血清KL-6、MMP-7和HA水平明显高于单纯结缔组织病组和对照组（P<0.05）,单纯结缔组织病组患者血清KL-6、MMP-7和HA水平明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果表明,血清KL-6、MMP-7、HA等三指标及粉尘接触史均是结缔组织病发生ILD的显著影响因素（P<0.05）。 ROC分析显示： 血清KL-6、MMP-7和HA等三指标诊断结缔组织病发生ILD的AUC（0.95CI）分别为0.715（0.439～0.988）、0.702（0.440～0.959）、0.711（0.500～0.919）,三指标联合应用的AUC（0.95CI）为0.811（0.705～0.913）,诊断效能较高。结论：结缔组织病合并ILD患者血清KL-6、MMP-7及HA升高,联合应用诊断可提高对ILD的诊断效能,为早期诊断ILD提供一定的参考。     

Estado actual de la histoplasmosis diseminada progresiva en pacientes con infección por el VIH en un hospital de tercer nivel en Perú

BackgroundProgressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) is an endemic disease in most of Latin America, especially among patients with HIV. There are few reports about this disease in Peru.AimsTo describe the clinical, epidemiological and mycological features of patients with PDH and HIV evaluated in a tertiary hospital.MethodsA retrospective study to find out the data of patients diagnosed with PDH and HIV in the period 2000–2019 was carried out. For the statistical analysis of quantitative variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion were used; for the qualitative variables, absolute and relative frequencies were used.ResultsForty-three male patients with PDH were diagnosed in the study period, with a median age of 33 years (IQR: 29–38 years) and a median CD₄ lymphocytes count of 39 cells/mm³ (IQR: 20–83 cells/mm³). Eighty six percent of the patients were born or had travelled to the jungle, 58.1% were alcohol users and 16.1% had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis. When compared to histopathology, the culture had a better sensitivity to achieve a diagnosis (p < 0.05).ConclusionsPeruvian patients with PDH and HIV infection were mainly young male adults that were born or had travelled to the jungle, with a CD₄ count below 100 cells/mm³. In patients with the described characteristics it would be advisable to check for PDH. Implementing rapid diagnostic tests is also necessary.