Induction of L-lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase by glucagon and glucocorticoid in developing and adult rats in vivo and in vitro studies

L-Lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase (EC 1.5.1.8, NADP⁺) in the liver of adult rats increased 4–5-times when the animals were treated with alloxan. In diabetic rats injection of insulin or adrenalectomy prevented the increase in enzyme activity. The activity of the similar enzyme in kidney was not changed by these treatments. The enzyme activity in primary cultured adult rat hepatocytes was also induced by addition of dexamethasone and glucagon together, and glucagon could be replaced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Insulin inhibited the induction. The hormonal induction was also inhibited by actinomycin D and by cycloheximide. During development of rats, fetal liver showed very low activity, but the activity appeared on day 1 after birth and then increased rapidly, reaching the adult level by day 5. The activity of the kidney enzyme increased more slowly and reached the adult level 1 month after birth. Intra-uterine injection of glucagon caused precocious induction of the liver enzyme in fetuses. These results indicate that the activity of L-lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase in the adult liver and in part in neonatal liver also, is controlled by both glucagon and glucocorticoid.     

Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle fibers of streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Summary The ultrastructure of fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fasttwitch-glycolytic (FG) and slow-twitch-oxidative (SO) fibers in plantaris and soleus muscles of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats was studied. In the diabetic animals, the mitochondria of FOG and SO fibers showed a loss of cristae and an increase in electron-dense granules. There was also an increased number of lipid droplets in close proximity to the mitochondria and the nuclei, and a separation of individual muscle nuclei to form satellite cells. Higher incidences of surface projections and sarcoplasmic splittings at the nuclear region were noticed in SO fibers. The FG fibers showed some disorientation of the T-tubular system. It is concluded that streptozotocin-diabetes has differential effects on the fine structure of the three fiber types of rat skeletal muscle.Supported by USPHS Grant AM 18280-04, Boston University Grant GRS-405-BI, and a grant-in-aid award from Sigma Xi Society     

Histochemical properties of skeletal muscle fibers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Summary The response of rat gastrocnemius muscle fibers to chronic streptozotocin-diabetes was studied. Transverse sections of this muscle from normal and diabetic rats were histochemically assayed for reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-diaphorase, myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase, mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. Cross-sectional areas of the fiber types were measured, and fiber capillarization and populations estimated. Chemically-induced diabetes appeared to have little effect on the metabolic or morphological properties of slow-twitch fibers. However, a general dedifferentiation occurred in the 2 fast-twitch fiber populations. There was a loss of oxidative potential in the fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic fibers, and a significant decrease in size in the fast-twitch-glycolytic fibers. No change in the proportions of slow- and fast-twitch fibers in the muscles of diabetic rats occurred. It is concluded that hypoinsulinism has differential effects on the 3 fiber types in heterogeneous rat skeletal muscle, and that slow-twitch fibers are least affected by the diabetic condition.     

Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 encodes a protein highly similar to the human glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65)

Abstract A 2.5-kb Sca I fragment of the type 3 pneumococcal strain 406 DNA containing a 1425-nucleotide open reading frame ( gadA ) and encoding a 475-amino acid protein ( M _rmr 54427) was characterised. The gene gadA was expressed in Salmonella typhimurium . Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting analysis of DNAs prepared from several pneumococcal serotypes showed that only those clinical isolates belonging to serotype 3 harbour the gadA gene. Sequence comparison of GadA with proteins included in the data banks revealed the highest similarity with human glutamate decarboxylase (GAD₆₅) (59% similarity, 28% identity). Auto-antibodies to GAD₆₅ have been associated with the onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Interestingly, several epitopes of GAD₆₅ that have been identified as immunodominant are particularly well conserved in the pneumococcal GadA.     

干细胞改善糖尿病的分子机制及临床研究进展

糖尿病是各种因素导致的高血糖慢性代谢疾病,已发展成为流行疾病之一。化学抗糖药虽能控制血糖水平,延缓病程进展,但需长期服用;胰岛移植能从根本上治愈糖尿病,但胰岛来源不足,且需终生应用免疫抑制剂,故并没有得到广泛应用;干细胞是一类能够自我复制的细胞,具有多向分化潜能和旁分泌特性,近年来的研究证明,干细胞在糖尿病治疗方面有着积极的效果,被认为是有效治疗糖尿病的理想细胞类型。因此,就干细胞治疗糖尿病的分子机制和临床研究现状进行简要阐述。     

Molecular docking analysis of compounds from Justica adhatoda L with glycogen synthase kinase-3 β

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is linked with Glycogen synthase kinase-3 β.Therefore, it is ofinterest to document molecular docking analysis data of compounds from Justica adhatoda L with glycogen synthase kinase-3 β. We report the binding features of ethambutol, pyrazinamide, stigmasterol and vasicoline with GSK-3 β.     

Molecular docking analysis of compounds from Lycopersicon esculentum with the insulin receptor to combat type 2 diabetes

It is known that tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) contains bioactive compounds to combat type-2 diabetes. Therefore, it is of interest to document data from the molecular docking analysis of compounds from Lycopersicon esculentum with the insulin receptors to combat type-2 diabetes. We report the binding features of cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid & glucoside with insulin receptors for further consideration.     

糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性的系统评价

目的对糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性进行系统评价。方法检索知网、维普、万方、PubMed、Cochrane library、Embase等数据库关于糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性的文献,同时追踪纳入文献的参考文献,时限为2009年3月至2019年3月,采用统一提取表,由两名研究者独立按照规定的纳入排除标准进行文献提取和方法学质量评估。最后采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta合并,Stata 12.0软件进行亚组分析与发表性偏倚识别。结果共纳入25篇研究,合计2 209例患者。Meta分析显示:(1)糖尿病患者菌群总量(SMD=-0.30,P=0.53)、乳杆菌数量(SMD=-0.79,P=0.20)下降,拟杆菌数量(SMD=1.43,P=0.12)、梭菌数量(SMD=0.28,P=0.40)增加,差异均无统计学意义,双歧杆菌数量(SMD=-1.82,P=0.02)下降,差异有统计学意义。(2)糖尿病患者菌群Shannon指数I~2=91%,r=-0.21[-0.32,0.09],P0.05;Chao1指数I~2=0%,r=-28.17[-40.85,-15.48],P0.05;均下降。(3)拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、梭菌与空腹血糖的相关性分别为:I~2=0%,r=-0.15[-0.27,-0.03];I~2=0%,r=-1.16[-1.42,0.91];I~2=0%,r=-0.28[-0.42,-0.14],均P0.05。而乳杆菌的相关性差异无统计学意义:I~2=47%,r=-0.00[-0.30,0.29],P=0.98。(4)乳杆菌和拟杆菌与炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6)呈负相关,乳杆菌(r=-0.43;r=-0.60),P0.05;拟杆菌(r=-0.58;r=-0.58),P0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论糖尿病患者肠道菌群总量无明显变化,但有益菌含量和多样性下降,拟杆菌、双歧杆菌和梭菌含量与血糖水平呈负相关,而乳杆菌无相关,其结果还需要大样本、高质量的研究加以论证。     

Understanding cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of diabetic tendinopathy

There is accumulating evidence of an increased incidence of tendon disorders in people with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic tendinopathy is an important cause of chronic pain, restricted activity, and even tendon rupture in individuals. Tenocytes and tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) are the dominant cellular components associated with tendon homeostasis, maintenance, remodeling, and repair. Some previous studies have shown alterations in tenocytes and TSPCs in high glucose or diabetic conditions that might cause structural and functional variations in diabetic tendons and even accelerate the development and progression of diabetic tendinopathy. In this review, the biomechanical properties and histopathological changes in diabetic tendons are described. Then, the cellular and molecular alterations in both tenocytes and TSPCs are summarized, and the underlying mechanisms involved are also analyzed. A better understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular pathogenesis of diabetic tendinopathy would provide new insight for the exploration and development of effective therapeutics.     

Dhanwantaram kashayam,an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation,reduces oxidative radicals and reverts lipids profile towards normal in diabetic rats

BackgroundHyperglycemia and hyper oxidative stress are indicators of diabetes mellitus which is also accompanied with decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes. While oxidative stress is important in increasing insulin secretion and controlling blood sugar level at the same time excess oxidative stress leads to the destruction of beta cells of pancreas resulting in to low insulin production and hyperglycemia. A balance between the levels of oxidative radicals and insulin production is needed, but is not defined yet. Hyperglycemia also leads to hyperlipidemia which can contribute to various health conditions like cardiovascular diseases.ObjectivesThis study was designed to study the oxidative stress and lipid levels in diabetic rats. This also was designed to elucidate the effect of Dhanwantaram Kashayam, an Ayurvedic polyphenolic derived from plants on lipid metabolism and oxidative radical scavenging in diabetic rats.MethodsRats were made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin. Different enzymes involved in oxidative radical scavenging and lipid profiles including triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acids and phospholipids were estimated using standard methods reported elsewhere.ResultsLevel of antioxidant enzymes were lower in diabetic rats compared to normal controls. Administration of Dhanwantaram Kashayam restored the enzyme activity as well as reduced levels of different lipids in diabetic rats.ConclusionsAdministration of Dhanwantaram Kashayam increased the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the levels of total cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides. The results of this study point to the possibility of developing Dhanwantaram Kashayam as a dietary supplement which can alleviate the complications associated with diabetes or prevent them altogether.