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31.
The fluxes of NO and NO2 between wheat canopy monoliths and the atmosphere were investigated with the dynamic chamber technique. For this purpose monoliths were dug out at different plant growth stages from a field site, transported to the institute, and placed in an environmental growth chamber. The wheat canopy monoliths were exposed over a period of four days to the average ratios of atmospheric NO2 and NO measured at the field site, i.e. NO2 concentration of about 18 mL L-1 plus NO concentration lower than 0.5 nL L-1. Under these conditions NO emission into the atmosphere and NO2 deposition into canopy monoliths was observed. Both fluxes showed diurnal variation with maximum rates during the light and minimum rates during darkness. NO2 fluxes correlated with soil temperature as well as with light intensity. NO fluxes correlated with soil temperature but not with light intensity. From the investigation performed the diurnal variation of the NO and NO2 compensation points, the maximum rates of NO and NO2 emission, and the total resistances of NO and NO2 fluxes were calculated. Under the assumption that the measured data are representative for the whole vegetation period, annual fluxes of NO and NO2 were estimated. Annual NO emission into the atmosphere amounted to 87 mg N m-2 y-1 (0.87 kg ha-1 y-1), annual NO2 deposition into canopy monoliths amounted to 1273 mg N m-2 y-1 (12.73 kg ha-1 y-1). Apparently, the uptake of atmospheric nitrogen by the wheat field from NO2 deposition is about 15 times higher than the loss of nitrogen from NO emission. It can therefore be assumed that even in rural areas wheat fields are a considerable sink for atmospheric nitrogen. The annual sink strength estimated in the present study is ca. 12 kg N ha-1 y-1. The possible origin of the NO emitted and the fate of atmospheric NO2 taken up by the wheat canopy monoliths are discussed.Preliminary results of this paper were presented at the Joint Workshop COST 611/Working Party 3 and EUROTRAC in Delft, The Netherlands (Ludwig et al., 1991). 相似文献
32.
Culture of rat mesenteric arteriolar smooth muscle cells: effects of platelet-derived growth factor, angiotensin, and nitric oxide on growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We cultured smooth muscle cells as explants from rat mesenteric arterioles (40–200m in diameter) obtained by injecting a suspension of iron oxide intraarterially and magnetically separating the arterioles after collagenase digestion of adventitial tissue. In third-passaged cells we ascertained smooth muscle purity of >98% by characteristic morphology, contraction responses, and specific immunofluorescence staining. Treatment of growth-arrested (in 0.4% fetal calf serum) cells with platelet-derived growth factor (0.3–7.5 nM) or angiotensin II (0.001–1000 nM) induced 3H-thymidine incorporation and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01). S-nitroso-N acetylpencillamine (0.05–0.5 mM), a nitric oxide-generating compound, inhibited 10% fetal calf serum-induced 3H-thymidine incorporation (P<0.05) and cell proliferation (P<0.01). The antimitogenic effect of S-nitroso-N-acetylpencillamine was significantly reduced by hemoglobin and potentiated by superoxide dismutase (P<0.01). In addition to a new technique for culturing mesenteric arteriolar smooth muscle cells, these findings provide evidence that platelet-derived growth factor, angiotensin II, and nitric oxide may be involved in their growth control. 相似文献
33.
Is there a gas (general adaptation syndrome) response to various types of environmental stress? 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
A hypothesis of existence of a general adaptation syndrome (GAS), in which different types of stress evoke similar coping
mechanisms, resulting in adaptations, is tested for plants. As stress coping mechanisms, oxy-free radical scavengers and antioxidants,
osmoregulation, the role of abscisic acid, jasmonates, nitric oxide, synthesis of heat shock proteins and phytochelatins as
heavy metal detoxifiers are discussed.
The authors would like to thank the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) which enabled their collaboration
and the formulation of some of the concepts here presented. 相似文献
34.
Regulation of gap junction coupling in the developing neocortex 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
In the developing mammalian, neocortex gap junctions represent a transient, metabolic, and electrical communication system.
These gap junctions may play a crucial role during the formation and refinement of neocortical synaptic circuitries. This
article focuses on two major points. First, the influence of gap junctions on electrotonic cell properties will be considered.
Both the time-course and the amplitude of synaptic potentials depend,inter alia, on the integration capabilities of the postsynaptic neurons. These capabilities are, to a considerable extent, determined
by the electrotonic characteristics of the postsynaptic cell. As a consequence, the efficacy of chemical synaptic inputs may
be crucially affected by the presence of gap junctions.
The second major topic is the regulation of gap junctional communication by neurotransmitters via second messenger pathways.
The monoaminergic neuromodulators dopamine, nordrenaline, and serotonin reduce gap junction coupling via activation of two
different intracellular signaling cascades—the cAMP/protein kinase A pathway and the IP3/Ca2+/protein kinase C pathway, 013 respectively. In addition, gap junctional
communication seems to be modulated by the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP system. Since NO production can be stimulated by glutamate-induced
calcium influx, the NO/cGMP-dependent modulation of gap junctions might represent a functional link between developing glutamatergic
synaptic transmission and the gap junctional network. Thus, it might be of particular importance in view of a role of gap
junctions during the process of circuit formation. 相似文献
35.
本文用一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的组织化学方法对胎龄15周至36周的人胎视网膜含NOS神经元的发育进行了研究。胚胎15周视网膜颞侧半少部分神经元即有NOS的表达,20周视网膜含NOS神经元数密度达峰值。大部分含NOS神经元胞体位于内核层内带,只少部分位于节细胞层,其突起均分布于内同层,形成内同层的1、3、5亚层。含NOS神经元的形态各异,依据其突起的多少分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ等三种类型,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ型含NOS神经元在28周以后才开始出现,且愈近晚期胎龄,它们所占含NOS神经元的数量比呈上升趋势。随视网膜发育成熟,含NOS神经元胞体均面积呈不断增大的变化。本文结果显示:人胎视网膜内核层含NOS神经元为无长突细胞,节细胞层的Ⅰ型含NOS神经元为移位无长突细胞,推测它们在视网膜的发育过程中对内网层突触的形成与修饰可能起有重要作用。 相似文献
36.
The distribution of neurons containing NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity and nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity (NOS-LI) in the canine pyloric and ileocolonic sphincters was studied. Cells within the myenteric and submucosal ganglia were positive for NADPH-d. These cells generally had the morphology of Dogiel type-I enteric neurons, however, there was some diversity in the morphology of NADPH-d-positive neurons in the myenteric plexus of the pylorus. Intramuscular ganglia were observed in both sphincters, and NADPH-d was found in a sub-population of neurons within these ganglia. Dual staining with an antiserum raised against nitric oxide synthase (NOS) demonstrated that almost all cells with NOS-LI were also NADPH-d positive. Varicose fibers within ganglia and within the circular and longitudinal muscle layers also possed NOS-LI and NADPH-d activity. Dual staining with anti-VIP antibodies showed that some of the NADPH-d-positive cells in the myenteric and submucosal ganglia also contained VIP-LI, but all VIP-LI-positive cells did not express NADPH-d activity. These data are consistent with recent physiological studies suggesting that nitric oxide serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the pyloric and ileocolonic sphincters. The data also suggest that VIP is expressed in a sub-population of NADPH-d-positive neurons and may therefore act as a co-transmitter in enteric inhibitory neurotransmission to these specialized muscular regions. 相似文献
37.
The possible coexistence of the two non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory neurotransmitters, adenosine 5-triphosphate and nitric oxide in the myenteric plexus was investigated using whole-mount preparations of rat ileum, proximal colon and anococcygeus muscle. The presence of adenosine 5-triphosphate in neurones was examined using the quinacrine fluorescence technique. After localizing and taking photographs of quinacrine-fluorescent neurones and nerve fibres, the same tissues were then fixed and processed for NADPH-diaphorase activity, a marker for nitric oxide-containing neurones. We have demonstrated for the first time that almost all quinacrine-fluorescent myenteric neurones in the proximal colon are also NADPH-diaphorase reactive, while only a subpopulation of quinacrine-fluorescent neurones in ileum and anococcygeus muscle were also NADPH-diaphorase reactive. 相似文献
38.
Nitric oxide and various neuropeptides in the myenteric plexus regulate esophageal motility. We sought colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and neuropeptides in frozen sections of mid-portion of smoothmuscled opossum esophagus using NADPH-diaphorase activity to mark the synthase and immunoreactivity to detect peptides. The peptides, all with demonstrated physiological activity in this organ, were calcitonin generelated peptide, galanin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The ExtrAvidin Peroxidase immunostain for each peptide was carried up to the final peroxidase reaction with 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole. The NADPH-diaphorase reaction was applied with short incubation to provide light staining just before the peroxidase reaction was performed. We examined sections for the proportions of singly and dually labeled nerve cells in the myenteric plexus. NADPH-diaphorase activity was highly colocalized with calcitonin gene-related peptide (59%), galanin (54%), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (53%). It showed little colocalization with neuropeptide Y (10%) and substance P (8%). The proportions of all nerve cells containing each of the substances were: NADPH-diaphorase-33%, calcitonin gene-related peptide-30%, galanin-55%, neuropeptide Y-16%, substance P-35%, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-58%. We conclude that the nerves responsible for peristalsis in the esophagus may act by releasing nitric oxide along with other inhibitory substances, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but not excitatory substances, neuropeptide Y and substance P. 相似文献
39.
Nitric oxide synthase in the rat carotid body and carotid sinus 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The participation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the innervation of the rat carotid body and carotid sinus was investigated by means of NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and NOS immunohistochemistry using antisera raised against purified neuronal NOS and a synthetic tridecapeptide. NOS was detected in 23% of neurons at the periphery of the carotid bodies. Some negative neurons were surrounded by NOS-positive terminals. NOS-containing varicose nerve fibres innervated the arterial vascular bed and, to a lesser extent, the islands of glomus cells. These fibres persisted after transection of the carotid sinus nerve and are probably derived from intrinsic neurons. Large NOS-positive axonal swellings in the wall of the carotid sinus were absent after transection of the sinus nerve, indicating their sensory origin. The results suggest a neuronal nitrergic control of blood flow, neuronal activity and chemoreception in the carotid body, and an intrinsic role of NO in the process of arterial baroreception. 相似文献
40.
Kelem Kassahun Pei Hu Mark P. Grillo Margaret R. Davis Lixia Jin Thomas A. Baillie 《Chemico-biological interactions》1994,90(3):253-275
The ability of 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (Δ4-VPA) and 2-n-propyl-2(E)-pentenoic acid ([E]-Δ2-VPA), two unsaturated metabolites of valproic acid (VPA), to form reactive intermediates, deplete hepatic glutathione (GSH) and cause accumulation of liver triglycerides was investigated in the rat. With the aid of ionspray liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), three GSH adducts were detected in the bile of Δ4-VPA-treated animals and were identified as 4-hydroxy-5-glutathion-S-yl-VPA-γ-lactone, 5-glutathion-S-yl-(E)-Δ3-VPA and 3-oxo-5-glutathion-S-yl-VPA. A fourth conjugate was identified tentatively as 4-glutathion-S-yl-5-hydroxy-VPA. Quantitative analysis of the corresponding N-acetylcysteine (NAC) conjugates in urine indicated that metabolism of Δ4-VPA via the GSH-dependent pathways accounted for approximately 20% of an acute dose (100 mg kg−1 i.p.). In contrast, when rats were given an equivalent dose of (E)-Δ2-VPA, only one GSH adduct (5-glutathion-S-yl-(E)-Δ3-VPA) was detected at low concentrations in bile. In vitro experiments with rat liver mitochondria demonstrated that Δ4-VPA undergoes coenzyme A- and ATP-dependent metabolic activation in this organelle via the β-oxidation pathway to intermediates which bind covalently to proteins. When liver homogenates and hepatic mitochondria from rats injected with Δ4-VPA, (E)-Δ2-VPA or VPA were analyzed for GSH content, it was found that only Δ4-VPA depleted GSH pools significantly. Treatment of rats with Δ4-VPA and (to a lesser extent) VPA led to an accumulation of liver triglycerides, whereas (E)-Δ2-VPA had no measurable effect. It is concluded that Δ4-VPA undergoes metabolic activation by both microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent and mitochondrial coenzyme A-dependent processes, and that the resulting electrophilic intermediates, which are trapped in part by GSH, may mediate the hepatotoxic effects of this compound. In contrast, (E)-Δ2-VPA is not transformed to any appreciable extent to reactive metabolites, which thus accounts for the apparent lack of hepatotoxicity of this positional isomer in the rat. 相似文献