寄主和温度对西花蓟马生长发育的影响

研究了4种豆科寄主植物及5个不同温度处理对西花蓟马生长发育的影响,并对各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了分析.结果表明:同一温度条件下,西花蓟马取 食不同豆科寄主植物时,各虫态的发育历期差异显著,但不同温度下不同寄主处理间的差异性不同;西花蓟马的未成熟期取食四季豆叶片时发育最快,取食蚕豆叶片时发育最慢,两寄主间存在显著差异;取食同一寄主植物时,不同温度处理下,西花蓟马各虫态的发育历期差异显著,且随温度升高历期缩短,发育速率和温度之间为直线关系;西花蓟马各虫态在不同寄主植物上的发育起点温度和有效积温各不相同,未成熟期取食蚕豆叶片时发育起点温度最低为6.35℃,但需要的有效积温最高为331.36日度.     

玉米秸秆还田量对黑土区农田地面节肢动物群落的影响

为考察玉米秸秆还田量对黑土区农田地面节肢动物群落的影响,2016年6—9月在内蒙古兴安盟扎赉特旗研究了0(CK)、9000(SR1)、10500(SR2)、12000(SR3)、13500(SR4) kg/hm25个梯度对农田地面节肢动物群落影响。结果表明:共捕获地面节肢动物1820只,隶属于16个类群; SR4处理显著提高了地面节肢动物个体数(P0.05),SR3处理显著提高了地面节肢动物类群数(P0.05)。各处理样地地面节肢动物个体数最高值均出现在8月,类群数则出现在7月; SR4处理显著提高了地面节肢动物多样性指数和丰富度指数(P0.05),SR1处理显著提高了地面节肢动物优势度指数(P0.05),对照CK的均匀度指数最高(P0.05)。相关分析表明:农田地面节肢动物的个体数与土壤有机质呈极显著相关(P0.01),与平均入渗率呈显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P0.05);类群数与土壤温度呈显著正相关(P0.05);丰富度指数与平均入渗率和土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。主成分分析表明:地面节肢动物的个体数、多样性指数、蟋蟀总科、跳甲科和步甲科5个特征指标对玉米秸秆还田最为敏感,初步认为是衡量黑土区土壤玉米秸秆还田后肥力状况的评价指标。     

瑞典南部相邻桦树和欧洲云杉林分的地表植被和土壤特征

对瑞曲南部23对相邻的桦树和欧洲云杉林分的地表植被和土壤特征进行了研究。桦树和欧洲云杉林分曲芒发草（Descham0psia flexuosa L.）和苔藓植物的频度几乎没有区别,但桦树林分越桔（Vaccinium myrtillus L.）和黑果越桔（Vac-cinium vitis-idaea L.）的频度远大于欧洲云杉林分的频度。欧洲云杉林分各层土壤（腐殖质层、0－10cm矿物质土壤层和11－30cm矿物质土壤层）的酸度稍大于松树林分各层土壤的酸度。欧洲云杉森分土壤可交换性K、Ca和Mg离子的含量稍大于树林分土壤的含量,但差别不明显,只有可交换性Na离子的含量在欧洲云杉林分土训中明显偏高。由于现在硫沉降明显降低,相对于树冠层而言欧洲云杉冠层而言欧洲云杉冠层较高的阳离子干沉降在一定程度上可能中和土壤酸化对瑞典南部欧洲云杉林的影响。     

长期围封对疏勒河源区高寒草甸地表节肢动物多样性的影响

围封会促进退化高寒草甸植被和土壤环境恢复,长期围封也会导致生物多样性及其功能下降,影响高寒草甸生态系统的稳定,但这种影响会随着季节和生境条件变化而异。为了探究不同退化程度高寒草甸地表节肢动物群落变化对围封禁牧的响应,利用陷阱法调查了疏勒河源区沼泽化草甸、草甸和草原化草甸3种不同退化梯度高寒草甸围封禁牧和自由放牧处理下地表节肢动物群落结构变化。结果表明：围封禁牧对高寒草甸地表节肢动物群落组成及多样性的影响随生境条件不同而异。禁牧降低了沼泽化草甸地表节肢动物的物种丰富度,而提高了草甸和草原化草甸地表节肢动物的物种丰富度;围封禁牧对沼泽化草甸地表节肢动物群落结构影响较小,显著降低了草甸生境地表节肢动物活动密度、提高了地表节肢动物多样性和均匀度,相反,禁牧显著提高了草原化草甸生境地表节肢动物活动密度、降低其多样性和均匀度;豹蛛属1种是高寒草甸主要的地表节肢动物类群（相对多度为67.0%）,高寒草甸土壤水分有效性等生境条件不同影响了豹蛛属1种对围封禁牧的响应模式,进而影响了地表节肢动物群落结构变化。总之,高寒草甸退化程度影响了地表节肢动物多样性对禁牧和放牧的响应模式,沼泽化草甸适度放牧有利于提高地表节肢动物多样性及其功能。     

不同生活型植物非光合部分反射光谱和盖度的关系

非光合植被(Non-photosynthetic Vegetation, NPV)既是陆地生态系统重要组成部分,也是全球C、N平衡分析中关键节点,其盖度是判断我国北方沙尘源区风沙活动强弱的重要指征。基于ASD光谱仪(Analytical Spectral Devices)所测地面高光谱数据对鄂尔多斯沙地草场不同生活型植物(草本、半灌木和灌木)NPV光谱特征进行了分析,构建了干枯燃料指数(Dead Fuel Index, DFI)、纤维素吸收指数(Cellulose Absorption Index, CAI)和NPV盖度(f_NPV)应用模型,并使用MCD43A4数据在不同草原区进行了验证。结果表明:(1)草本、半灌木、灌木和总体混合NPV光谱反射率具有相似变化趋势,但反射值存在显著差异。(2)DFI和CAI、CAI和f_NPV、DFI和f_NPV均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001),DFI可以代替CAI进行f_NPV的估算。(3)不同草原区f_NPV存在异质性,草甸草原、典型草原...     

Environmental influences on spatial and temporal patterns of body-size variation in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi)

Aim  In order to understand how ground squirrels ( Spermophilus beecheyi ) may respond to future environmental change, we investigated five biotic and environmental factors potentially responsible for explaining body-size variation in this species across California. We examined the concordance of spatial patterns with temporal body-size change since the last glacial maximum (LGM).
Location  California, western North America.
Methods  We quantified body size of modern populations of ground squirrels ( n  = 81) and used a model-selection approach to determine the best variables (sex, vegetation, number of congeners, temperature and/or precipitation) explaining geographical variation in body size among modern populations. We also quantified body size of one fossil population in northern California ( n  = 39) and compared temporal body-size change in S. beecheyi at this location since the LGM with model predictions.
Results  Body size of modern populations conformed to Bergmann's rule, with larger individuals in northern (wetter and cooler) portions of California. However, the models suggest that precipitation, rather than temperature or other variables, may best explain variation in body size across modern spatial gradients. Our conclusion is supported by the temporal data, demonstrating that the body size of S. beecheyi has increased in northern California since the LGM, concordant with precipitation but not temperature change in the region.
Main conclusions  Precipitation, rather than temperature, vegetation or number of congeneric species, was the main factor explaining both spatial and temporal patterns of body-size variation in S. beecheyi . The integration of space and time provides a powerful mechanism for predicting how local populations may respond to current and future climatic changes.     

Effects of maternal diet on fecundity and larval development in the 'primitive' granivorous carabid Amara (Curtonotus) macronota

Granivory is one of the most specialized food habits in the Carabidae and has been reported for species from the tribes Zabrini and Harpalini. Most studies of carabid granivory have been conducted using specialized granivorous species, and few have examined primitive ones. This study examined effects of maternal diet on fecundity and larval development in Amara ( Curtonotus ) macronota (Solsky) (Coleoptera: Carabidae), a member of the most basal clade of the tribe Zabrini; a previous study indicated that larvae of this species are omnivores with a tendency toward carnivory. Three diet types, Tenebrio molitor L. larvae, mixed seeds [ Bidens frondosa L. (Asteraceae), Setaria spp., and Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler (both Poaceae)], and T. molitor larvae + mixed seeds, were used as maternal diets, and larvae were reared on T. molitor larvae + mixed seeds (optimal diet) or T. molitor larvae (suboptimal diet). Fecundity differed significantly among treatments, with individuals fed the T. molitor larvae + mixed seeds diet having the highest fecundities and the mixed seeds diet producing the lowest values. Larval development [survival and duration of development through pre-overwintering stages (first and second instars)] was not significantly affected by either maternal or larval diets, but the addition of seeds to the maternal diet had a weak negative effect on larval survival. These results are in contrast with findings from specialized granivorous carabids, in which both adults and larvae performed best with pure-seed diets. Recent molecular phylogenies indicate that these specialized granivorous carabids belong to derived lineages, while A. macronota is the most basal clade of each tribe. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that carabid granivory has evolved gradually from ancestral carnivory, with omnivorous habits occurring as a transient state.     

Mate-quitting rules for male thirteen-lined ground squirrels

Male thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus Iridecemlineatus)typically copulate several times with a female before leavingher to search for other mates. The males routinely experiencesperm competition, which features a first-male advantage. Weexamine several possible approaches to determining their optimalmating investment. From evolutionarily stable strategy spermcompetition models, males are predicted to have equivalent spermtransfer strategies when mating first or second. Analyses oftwo potential correlates of sperm transfer (duration of longestcopulation, cumulative time copulating) revealed no significantdifferences across mating order, and no significant variationaccording to the males' access to information about their matingorder and sperm competition prospects. Thus, as assessed bycopulatory behavior, sperm investments by first and nonfirstmales appear to be similar. We next explored the criteria malesuse for departing from females. Field data on mating duration,measured from the male's first mount to departure from the female,showed that mating duration is not related to an individualmale's paternity gains, thereby prohibiting a marginal valueapproach for deriving the males' optimal mating investment.Furthermore, of several potential rules of thumb males coulduse, no support is evident for those based on increasing timecosts, nor do males appear to remain with the female until theyhave copulated a fixed number of times. Instead, male departuresseem to be triggered by attaining a copulation that meets orexceeds an absolute threshold of about 9 min. The departurecriterion therefore is based on the behavioral variable thathas previously been implicated as a crucial determinant of malefertilization success     

Sequential extraction analysis of lead in Michigan roadside soils: Mobilization in the vadose zone by deicing salts?

Sequential extraction analysis was used to characterize the geochemical partitioning of Pb in roadside soils of the Detroit, MI area. Four soil profiles (10, 30, 60, and 100 m from road) were sampled at 15‐cm intervals to a depth of 75 cm at each of five locations along an urban‐rural transect. The observed concentrations increase with increasing traffic volume and proximity to the highway, indicating that vehicle emissions are the principal source of Pb. Concentrations in roadside soils of urban sites (>100,000 vehicles per 24 h) are 10 to 15 times greater than the background level of 12 to 22 mg/kg found at rural sites. Sequential extraction data show that the Pb is mainly in carbonate and oxide forms in the most heavily contaminated soils; organically bound forms tend to predominate elsewhere. Both surface and subsurface horizons of soils are polluted at urban sites where translocation in the vadose zone is suggested by elevated levels of Pb to depths of 75 cm. Mobilization is attributed primarily to partial dissolution of organic matter by excess NaCl derived from highway deicing salts and complex‐ation of Pb with organic chelates. Mobilization appears to be occurring in soils up to 60 m from the highway at urban sites.     

Psychosocial and hormonal aspects of hierarchy formation in groups of male squirrel monkeys

Accounts of primate social dominance hierarchies often imply that the achievement of superior status is a “goal”, akin to a valued resource or commodity, and that hierarchies emerge in multimale groups from prolonged competitive conflicts over social status. This possibility is not consistent with our observations of five newly formed triads of adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Stable linear hierarchies based on clear asymmetries in the direction of intermale agonism and genital displays were established quickly, with virtually no reciprocal fighting, and in the absence of rank-related differences in plasma cortisol or testosterone. Although affiliative social overtures were initiated more often by high-ranking and middle-ranking males, affiliative overtures were directed equally often toward all members of each group. From the outset of the study all males, regardless of rank, spent an average of 33% of their time huddling in affiliative contact with male cagemates. These results suggest that in newly formed groups of adult male squirrel monkeys, social hierarchies reflect an expedient convention that reduces conflict and facilitates the formation of small cohesive groups. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.