Comparative reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Varroa destructor</Emphasis> in different types of Russian and Italian honey bee combs

Earlier studies showed that Russian honey bees support slow growth of varroa mite population. We studied whether or not comb type influenced varroa reproduction in both Russian and Italian honey bees, and whether Russian bees produced comb which inhibited varroa reproduction. The major differences found in this study concerned honey bee type. Overall, the Russian honey bees had lower (2.44 ± 0.18%) levels of varroa infestation than Italian honey bees (7.20 ± 0.60%). This decreased infestation resulted in part from a reduced number of viable female offspring per foundress in the Russian (0.85 ± 0.04 female) compared to the Italian (1.23 ± 0.04 females) honey bee colonies. In addition, there was an effect by the comb built by the Russian honey bee colonies that reduced varroa reproduction. When comparing combs having Russian or Italian colony origins, Russian honey bee colonies had more non-reproducing foundress mites and fewer viable female offspring in Russian honey bee comb. This difference did not occur in Italian colonies. The age of comb in this study had mixed effects. Older comb produced similar responses for six of the seven varroa infestation parameters measured. In colonies of Italian honey bees, the older comb (2001 dark) had fewer (1.13 ± 0.07 females) viable female offspring per foundress than were found in the 2002 new (1.21 ± 0.06 females) and 1980s new (1.36 ± 0.08 females) combs. This difference did not occur with Russian honey bee colonies where the number of viable female offspring was low in all three types of combs. This study suggests that honey bee type largely influences growth of varroa mite population in a colony.     

Effect of light on seed germination in Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass)

Phalaris arundinacea is an invasive species in someregions of North America. The literature on how the light environment affectsseed germination in Phalaris arundinacea is contradictory,and clarification is necessary for understanding its mechanisms of invasion. Inour trials, germination was photoperiod insensitive in the range of 12 to 16hours. Highest germination percentages (up to 80) were obtained under whitelight and red light (11.0 ) and up to 40 with high red: far-red ratios.Virtually no germination occurred in the dark. Our results are not consistentwith early reports that P. arundinacea germinationoccurredin the dark and was light insensitive, but they are consistent with a recentreport that it does not germinate in the dark and our own field and greenhouseobservations.     

种泥预处理和发酵温度对暗发酵产氢的影响研究进展

生物质暗发酵产氢不仅可以处理有机废物,同时可以获得清洁能源,实现了废物资源化利用。然而产氢种泥中大量耗氢菌的存在会导致暗发酵氢气产量低等问题,因此种泥预处理是暗发酵产氢的必需条件。随着暗发酵产氢基质的多样化,产氢种泥的预处理方法也不断发展。对近十年来产氢种泥预处理方法的发展进行了综述,并且结合发酵温度,讨论了种泥预处理方法和发酵温度两方面条件对暗发酵产氢的影响,并对该研究方向提出了展望,以期为后续暗发酵产氢的进一步研究提供参考。     

保安湖沙塘鳢的食性、繁殖、年龄及生长的研究

保安湖沙塘鳢１冬龄成熟,雌雄比１：１．３４,４月初至６月中旬繁殖;个体绝对繁殖力５４０—１９４３ｅｇｇ（１１５４±３１４ｅｇｇ）。渔获物中以体长８．０—１４．０ｃｍ,体重１０．０—４０．０ｇ,２、３龄个体为主。体长－体重关系为Ｗ＝０．０２１２９Ｌ３.０５８５。３龄前生长较快;雄鱼略快于雌鱼。肥满度冬春季较高,最高在３月。体长和体重与年龄的关系可用Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ生长方程描述,参数分别为：雌鱼Ｌ∞=１５．２９ｃｍ,ｋ＝０．４０７２,ｔ０＝０．１５９６,Ｗ∞＝８４．９ｇ;雄鱼Ｌ∞＝１６．７１ｃｍ,ｋ＝０．３７３６,ｔ０＝０．１０９５,Ｗ∞＝１１８．５ｇ;体重生长拐点年龄和拐点体重雌鱼分别为２．８６ａ和２５.１ｇ,雄鱼３．１３ａ和３５．４ｇ。     

香蕉枯萎病生防菌绿头枝孢菌LS1的筛选鉴定

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是一种真菌土传毁灭性病害,由于抗病品种产量普遍不佳和化学防治易污染环境等系列问题,生物防治是其理想的防治方法。【目的】筛选抗香蕉枯萎病的深色有隔内生真菌(Dark septate endophytes,DSE)菌株,丰富生防菌株资源库。【方法】采用平皿和盆栽实验方法评价5株DSE对香蕉的促生作用和对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果,采用形态学和分子生物学相结合的方法对优良菌株进行分类鉴定。【结果】接种DSE可有效促进香蕉植株的生长,尤以菌株LS1作用最显著,接种后鲜重与干重分别比对照增加47.36%与42.40%;接种DSE可有效提高植株对香蕉枯萎病的抗性,其中菌株LS1处理的香蕉植株表现的防治效果显著优于其它菌株,平皿中的防效为86.19%,盆栽实验防效为63.19%;结合形态学和分子鉴定技术,将菌株LS1鉴定为绿头枝孢菌Cladosporium chlorocephalum。【结论】LS1是一株具有开发利用价值的香蕉枯萎病生防菌株。     

西藏色季拉山暗针叶林凋落物层化学性质研究

The storage and chemical properties of the forest litter in dark coniferous forest of Sejila Mountain were studied. The results showed that the existing storage was 5. 863t·hm^-2 and the annual litter fall was 0. 3205 t·hm^-2 It implied that the forest litter decomposed slowly and accumulated quickly, and the turnover of nutrient circles was slow. The contents of N, Ca, Na, and Mn nutrient elements in litter layer were in the order of un-decomposed layer (U layer) > semi-decomposed layer (S layer) > decomposed layer (D layer), those of K, Fe, and Mg were in the order of D layer > S layer > U layer, and P element content was in the order of U layer > D layer> S layer. The pool of elements was 78. 483 kg·hm^-2 N, 3. 843 kg·hm^-2P, 48. 205 kg·hm^-2 K, 23.115 kg·hm^-2 Ca, 13. 157 kg·hm^-2 Na, 30.554 kg·hm^-2 Fe, 2. 113 kg·hm^-2 Mn and 27. 513 kg·hm^-2 Mg. The turnover of forest litter was the total of nutrient release accumulation. K, Fe, and Mg were enriched, and N,Ca, Na, Mn, and P were released with the turnover rate in the order of N > Ca > Na > Mn >P.     

长白山北坡暗针叶林倒木贮量和分解的研究

对长白山北坡海拔 12 6 0m和 16 2 0m暗针叶林中倒木蓄积、生物量和倒木的分解进行了比较研究 ,结果表明 ,暗针叶林中倒木的蓄积为 180 .87m3·hm-2 ,占林分蓄积的 2 1.83 % .低海拔的倒木蓄积和生物量均比高海拔的低 ,海拔 12 6 0m的倒木蓄积为 5 2 .5 7m3·hm-2 ,生物量为 2 6 .2 1t·hm-2 ;海拔 16 2 0m的倒木蓄积为 193.85m3·hm-2 ,生物量为 5 3 .33t·hm-2 .用单项指数衰减模型对倒木的分解进行模拟可知 ,倒木的分解常数随树种和海拔高度的不同而不同 .冷杉倒木的分解常数比云杉倒木大 ;倒木在低海拔的分解常数比在高海拔的大 ,表明云杉倒木完全分解需要较长的时间 .     

冠突散囊菌黑茶发酵液对消化酶活性影响的研究

在模拟人体胃肠环境中研究不同发酵时期的冠突散囊菌黑茶发酵液对淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明冠突散囊菌黑茶发酵液能显著提高α-淀粉酶、蛋白酶活力,并有效抑制脂肪酶活力。冠突散囊菌发酵液利于淀粉、蛋白质消化吸收,抑制脂肪分解吸收,为解释茯砖茶的保健功能提供了理论依据。     

新疆沙冬青AM和DSE真菌的空间分布

2012年6月从新疆阿图什市选取康苏、膘尔托阔依(阳)、膘尔托阔依(阴)和上阿图什4个样地,采集新疆沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)根围0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40和40—50cm5个土层土壤样品,研究了新疆沙冬青AM和DSE真菌定殖规律以及土壤因子的生态作用。结果表明,AM和DSE真菌平均总定殖率分别为83.2%和53.22%,说明AM和DSE真菌能与新疆沙冬青根系形成良好共生关系。AM和DSE真菌具有明显空间异质性,AM总定殖率最大值在20—30cm土层,样地间表现为康苏=上阿图什膘尔托阔依(阳)膘尔托阔依(阴);DSE土层间无规律性变化,样地间为膘尔托阔依(阳)膘尔托阔依(阴)康苏上阿图什。相关性分析表明,AM菌丝、泡囊和总定殖率与DSE定殖率极显著负相关,AM定殖强度与DSE菌丝和总定殖率显著负相关,丛枝定殖率与DSE菌丝和总定殖率极显著正相关,说明两者间存在生态位竞争。土壤速效P、总球囊霉素和酸性磷酸酶与AM总定殖率极显著正相关,pH与AM总定殖率显著负相关;脲酶与DSE极显著正相关,pH和碱解N与DSE显著负相关。