首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
文章检索
  按 检索   检索词:      
出版年份:   被引次数:   他引次数: 提示:输入*表示无穷大
  收费全文   613篇
  免费   24篇
  国内免费   18篇
  2023年   6篇
  2022年   11篇
  2021年   13篇
  2020年   9篇
  2019年   13篇
  2018年   6篇
  2017年   6篇
  2016年   11篇
  2015年   14篇
  2014年   13篇
  2013年   30篇
  2012年   26篇
  2011年   18篇
  2010年   11篇
  2009年   32篇
  2008年   24篇
  2007年   27篇
  2006年   25篇
  2005年   21篇
  2004年   27篇
  2003年   25篇
  2002年   23篇
  2001年   17篇
  2000年   21篇
  1999年   18篇
  1998年   18篇
  1997年   25篇
  1996年   13篇
  1995年   11篇
  1994年   15篇
  1993年   6篇
  1992年   15篇
  1991年   20篇
  1990年   8篇
  1989年   12篇
  1988年   4篇
  1987年   10篇
  1986年   6篇
  1985年   6篇
  1984年   4篇
  1983年   5篇
  1982年   3篇
  1981年   7篇
  1980年   3篇
  1978年   5篇
  1976年   3篇
  1975年   1篇
  1973年   2篇
  1972年   1篇
  1970年   2篇
排序方式: 共有655条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
Diurnal vertical migration is a well-known phenomenon in the circadian activity rhythms of zooplankton. Our goal was to test whether negative phototaxis in Daphnia magna clone BEAK (provoked by artificially induced light stress, alternating light and dark phases in 2 h intervals), and its interference with the endogenous rhythm of diurnal vertical migration, can be automatically registered with a biomonitor. For the first time the vertical swimming behaviour of D. magna was recorded quantitatively based on non-optical data recording in a fully automated biotest system, the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor in a new experimental setup consisting of a column of three recording units (3-level chambers). Circadian vertical migration was clearly recorded in the 3-level chambers and the rhythm was more clear with 5 than with 1 organism per chamber. The organisms clearly responded to induced light stress with negative phototaxis, however best in larger chambers. The artificially induced rhythm was influenced by the endogenous rhythm. This approach may facilitate long-term observations of vertical swimming activity of zooplankton in the future.  相似文献   
82.
Abstract. Colonies of the freshwater colonial rotifer Sinantherina socialis (Monogononta, Flosculariidae) have been shown to be unpalatable to a variety of small-mouthed, zooplanktivorous fishes. To test whether invertebrate predators ingest the rotifer S. socialis , we conducted two types of experiments: (1) Microcosm experiments—in separate experiments, four invertebrate predators (i.e., dragonfly nymphs, damselfly nymphs, notonectids, and Hydra ) were offered prey either singly or in combination. Prey were comprised of S. socialis; Epiphanes senta , a solitary, free-swimming rotifer; and Daphnia magna , a microcrustacean. In each experiment, the percent of prey surviving after 12, 18, and 24 h was recorded. (2) Paired-feeding experiments—in separate experiments, predators were offered prey in a pairwise fashion, in which members of D. magna were alternated with a rotifer, either S. socialis or E. senta. The results of the microcosm experiments showed that, after 24 h, 60–100% prey items of S. socialis survived the predators, but significantly fewer individuals of E. senta (6–89%) and D. magna (<25%) survived. When offered rotifers and individuals of D. magna simultaneously, predators tested consistently consumed more specimens of Daphnia. However, predators significantly reduced percent survival in E. senta but not in S. socialis. Predators, given a choice between the two rotifer species, all consumed significantly more specimens of E. senta than S. socialis after 24 h. In the paired-feeding experiments, three of the four predators captured members of S. socialis , but these colonies were frequently released rather than ingested, although in some cases colony structure was seriously disrupted. Our results suggest that the unpalatable nature of members of S. socialis to certain fishes extends to several invertebrate predators, but the nature of the putative factor(s) responsible for this remains unknown.  相似文献   
83.
Luijckx P  Fienberg H  Duneau D  Ebert D 《Heredity》2012,108(5):547-551
The influence of host and parasite genetic background on infection outcome is a topic of great interest because of its pertinence to theoretical issues in evolutionary biology. In the present study, we use a classical genetics approach to examine the mode of inheritance of infection outcome in the crustacean Daphnia magna when exposed to the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. In contrast to previous studies in this system, we use a clone of P. ramosa, not field isolates, which allows for a more definitive interpretation of results. We test parental, F1, F2, backcross and selfed parental clones (total 284 genotypes) for susceptibility against a clone of P. ramosa using two different methods, infection trials and the recently developed attachment test. We find that D. magna clones reliably exhibit either complete resistance or complete susceptibility to P. ramosa clone C1 and that resistance is dominant, and inherited in a pattern consistent with Mendelian segregation of a single-locus with two alleles. The finding of a single host locus controlling susceptibility to P. ramosa suggests that the previously observed genotype-genotype interactions in this system have a simple genetic basis. This has important implications for the outcome of host-parasite co-evolution. Our results add to the growing body of evidence that resistance to parasites in invertebrates is mostly coded by one or few loci with dominance.  相似文献   
84.
1. Shallow arctic lakes and ponds have simple and short food webs, but large uncertainties remain about benthic–pelagic links in these systems. We tested whether organic matter of benthic origin supports zooplankton biomass in a pond in NE Greenland, using stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen in the pond itself and in a 13C‐enrichment enclosure experiment. In the latter, we manipulated the carbon isotope signature of benthic algae to enhance its isotopic discrimination from other potential food sources for zooplankton. 2. The cladoceran Daphnia middendorffiana responded to the 13C‐enrichment of benthic mats with progressively increasing δ13C values, suggesting benthic feeding. Stable isotope analysis also pointed towards a negligible contribution of terrestrial carbon to the diet of D. middendorffiana. This agreed with the apparent dominance of autochthonous dissolved organic matter in the pond revealed by analysis of coloured dissolved organic matter. 3. Daily net production by phytoplankton in the pond (18 mg C m?2 day?1) could satisfy only up to half of the calculated minimum energy requirements of D. middendorffiana (35 mg C m?2 day?1), whereas benthic primary production alone (145 mg C m?2 day?1) was more than sufficient. 4. Our findings highlight benthic primary production as a major dietary source for D. middendorffiana in this system and suggest that benthic organic matter may play a key role in sustaining pelagic secondary production in such nutrient‐limited high arctic ponds.  相似文献   
85.
1. We examined 7–12 years of monthly to quarterly historical data from 15 lakes in FL, U.S.A. to determine the extent and outcome of invasion by the alien cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi Sars. 2. The alien species was found in 10 of the 15 lakes, including Florida’s three largest lakes: Okeechobee, George and Apopka. All the surveyed lakes had resident populations of the smaller native species Daphnia ambigua Scourfield. 3. In most of the lakes, D. ambigua occurred seven to ninefold more often in plankton samples than D. lumholtzi, and at 10‐ to 100‐fold higher maximal densities. One exception was a small lake in central Florida (Lake Jesup), where D. lumholtzi attained high densities on several occasions in the 10 years of sampling. 4. In Lake Okeechobee, where data were of sufficient quality and quantity to perform statistical analyses, the results of canonical correlation analysis indicated that high densities of D. lumholtzi were correlated with lower concentrations of suspended solids, high algal biomass and higher temperature, whereas the opposite conditions were correlated with high densities of D. ambigua. 5. Based on the majority of data, D. lumholtzi has successfully invaded many lakes in Florida, yet it has not become a substantive component of the zooplankton. Additional research is needed to determine whether resources, fish predation or some other factor is responsible for this outcome of invasion.  相似文献   
86.
Climate change and variation in atmospheric ozone are influencing the intensity of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching ecosystems. Changing UVR regimes, in turn, may alter epidemics of infectious disease. This possibility hinges on the sensitivity of epidemiologically relevant traits of host and parasite to UVR. We address this issue using a planktonic system (a zooplankton host, Daphnia dentifera, and its virulent fungal parasite, Metschnikowia bicuspidata). Controlled laboratory experiments, coupled with in situ field incubations of spores, revealed that quite low levels of UVR (as well as longer wavelength light) sharply reduced the infectivity of fungal spores but did not affect host susceptibility to infection. The parasite's sensitivity to solar radiation may underlie patterns in a lake survey: higher penetration of solar radiation into lakes correlated with smaller epidemics that started later in autumn (as incident sunlight declined). Thus, solar radiation, by diminishing infectivity of the parasite, may potently reduce disease.  相似文献   
87.
利用隆线趋光行为评价铬的生物毒性   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
报道了以隆线单克隆Dc42为生物监测器,利用其趋光行为变化评价铬生物毒性的方法.结果表明,隆线趋光行为抑制率能较好地反映水中铬的污染程度.在重铬酸钾标准毒物溶液中,趋光指数与Cr6+的浓度呈极显著负相关(R2=0.8089,P<0.001),Cr6+浓度的检测下限为0.056 mg·L-1,远低于LC50和EC50,平均精度达到5.46%,说明趋光指数法用于监测化学物质生物毒性灵敏度高、精确可靠.  相似文献   
88.
Dawidowicz  Piotr  Wielanier  Matylda 《Hydrobiologia》2004,526(1):165-169
Large-sized Daphnia hyalina×galeata hybrid and small-sized Ceriodaphnia reticulata were raised together for 3 weeks in thermally stratified flow-through tubes ('plankton organ'), in the presence and the absence of fish kairomone, and their relative performance was monitored, as indicated by the populations' growth rates (r). In the kairomone-free medium, D. hyalina grew faster than C. reticulata; the presence of kairomone reversed this ratio, producing relatively higher r in C. reticulata. The simulated fish presence reduced growth in D. hyalina population also when it was separated from the competitor, while growth in C. reticulata was altered by the kairomone only in the presence of Daphnia. It is suggested that costs of surface avoidance in Daphnia can reduce its competitive superiority to small-sized cladocerans, permanently dwelling at the surface.  相似文献   
89.
在单性生殖循环水蚤群体中,滞育卵由有性生殖产生.在一系列实验中用到了不同种群和种类的水蚤,通过这些实验来观察:1)有性生殖和滞育卵复苏的遗传和环境控制;2)生活在相同区域中,但有不同生存微环境的近缘种类的有性生殖的光周期反应;3)在群体遗传结构上有性生殖的遗传效应(基因型均值和生活史性状遗传方差).结果发现:1)遗传作用和环境作用,以及两者的相互作用都对有性生殖和滞育卵的孵化有显著的影响.GE显著的相互作用对环境中观察到的有性生殖来说,有助于维持其较高的遗传方差;2)在相同区域中,不同生存微环境的近缘种类的有性生殖的光周期反应有所不同.这有助于进一步区别近缘的水蚤种类,这也可能是一个水环境中同素异形的物种形成的例子;3)在有性生殖上,生活史性状平均值和遗传方差变化与前代选择造成的均值和遗传方差相反(遗传滑阻),这会造成暂时的适应不良(遗传滑阻和隐藏的遗传变异的表达),应对它补偿滞育的进化优势.  相似文献   
90.
Abstract We studied the selection response of the freshwater grazing zooplankter, Daphnia galeata, to increased abundance of cyanobacteria in its environment. Cyanobacteria are a poor‐quality and often toxic food. Distinct genotypes of D. galeata were hatched from diapausing eggs extracted from three time horizons in the sediments of Lake Constance, Europe, covering the period 1962 to 1997, a time of change in both the prevalence of planktonic cyanobacteria and levels of phosphorus pollution. We assessed whether the grazers evolved to become more resistant to dietary cyanobacteria by exposing genetically distinct clones to two diets, one composed only of the nutritious green alga, Scenedesmus obliquus (good food), and the other a mixture of S. obliquus and the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (poor food). Genotype performance was measured as the specific rate of weight gain from neonate to maturity (gj). We evaluated evolutionary change in the Daphnia population using an analysis of reaction norms based on relative (log‐transformed) changes in gj. Log(gj) is a measure of the proportional effect of dietary cyanobacteria on other fitness components of the Daphnia phenotype. For comparison, we also analyze absolute (i.e., nontransformed) changes in gj and discuss the interpretations of the two approaches. Statistical results using a general linear model demonstrate a significant effect of genotype (showing differences in gj among genotypes), a significant genotype X food‐type interaction (showing differences in phenotypic plasticity among genotypes), and, in the case of log‐transformed data, a significant sediment‐genotype‐age X food‐type interaction. The latter shows that phenotypic plasticity evolved over the period studied. Two constraints act on response to selection in the D. galeata‐Lake Constance system. First, gj on a diet containing poor food is highly correlated with gj on a diet of good food, thus evolving resistance also meant evolving an increase in gj on both diets. Second, because genotypes with a high gj also grow to a large adult body size, which in turn increases Daphnia vulnerability to fish predation, we suggest that selection only acted to favor genotypes possessing a high potential gj after cyanobacteria became prevalent. The presence of cyanobacteria depressed realized gj and led to animals of small adult body size even if their genotypes had the potential for high gj and large size. With realized gj reduced, genotypes with an inherently high value could be selected even in the presence of predatory fish. The joint action of selection by dietary cyanobacteria and vulnerability to fish predation provides an explanation for the observed evolution of resistance to poor food through reduced phenotypic plasticity.  相似文献   
设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号