Functional divergence and comparative in‐silico study of Cas4 proteins of DUF83 class

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats‐ C RISPR a ssociated (CRISPR‐Cas) systems present in genomes of bacteria and archaea have been the focus of many research studies recently. The Cas4 proteins of these systems are thought to be responsible for the adaptation step in the CRISPR mechanism. Cas4 proteins exhibit low sequence similarity among themselves and are currently classified into 2 main classes: DUF83 and DUF911. The characteristic features of Cas4 proteins belonging to DUF83 class have been elucidated by determining the structures of Cas4 protein from Sulfolobus solfataricus and Pyrobaculum calidifontis. Although, both Cas4 proteins characterized structurally are of same DUF83 class, these 2 proteins do exhibit significant biochemical and functional differences. The aim of the present study was to explore the structural and evolutionary features responsible for these differences. Our study predicts residues which might be responsible for such differences. Functional divergence analysis was used to predict sites exhibiting type I divergence, where certain amino acids are conserved in 1 clade whereas the same site is highly variable in the other clade. Our intra‐molecular interaction analysis reinforces the influence of such divergence sites on the other functionally important amino acids. In general, this study identifies some of the divergence hotspots that could be the focus of future experimental studies for better understanding of Cas4 enzymatic activity in CRISPR mechanism.     

Finished sequence and assembly of the DUF1220-rich 1q21 region using a haploid human genome

Background

Although the reference human genome sequence was declared finished in 2003, some regions of the genome remain incomplete due to their complex architecture. One such region, 1q21.1-q21.2, is of increasing interest due to its relevance to human disease and evolution. Elucidation of the exact variants behind these associations has been hampered by the repetitive nature of the region and its incomplete assembly. This region also contains 238 of the 270 human DUF1220 protein domains, which are implicated in human brain evolution and neurodevelopment. Additionally, examinations of this protein domain have been challenging due to the incomplete 1q21 build. To address these problems, a single-haplotype hydatidiform mole BAC library (CHORI-17) was used to produce the first complete sequence of the 1q21.1-q21.2 region.

Results

We found and addressed several inaccuracies in the GRCh37sequence of the 1q21 region on large and small scales, including genomic rearrangements and inversions, and incorrect gene copy number estimates and assemblies. The DUF1220-encoding NBPF genes required the most corrections, with 3 genes removed, 2 genes reassigned to the 1p11.2 region, 8 genes requiring assembly corrections for DUF1220 domains (~91 DUF1220 domains were misassigned), and multiple instances of nucleotide changes that reassigned the domain to a different DUF1220 subtype. These corrections resulted in an overall increase in DUF1220 copy number, yielding a haploid total of 289 copies. Approximately 20 of these new DUF1220 copies were the result of a segmental duplication from 1q21.2 to 1p11.2 that included two NBPF genes. Interestingly, this duplication may have been the catalyst for the evolutionarily important human lineage-specific chromosome 1 pericentric inversion.

Conclusions

Through the hydatidiform mole genome sequencing effort, the 1q21.1-q21.2 region is complete and misassemblies involving inter- and intra-region duplications have been resolved. The availability of this single haploid sequence path will aid in the investigation of many genetic diseases linked to 1q21, including several associated with DUF1220 copy number variations. Finally, the corrected sequence identified a recent segmental duplication that added 20 additional DUF1220 copies to the human genome, and may have facilitated the chromosome 1 pericentric inversion that is among the most notable human-specific genomic landmarks.     

TMEM126A is a mitochondrial located mRNA (MLR) protein of the mitochondrial inner membrane

Background

Hereditary optic neuropathies (HONs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons that form the optic nerve. Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and the autosomal dominant optic atrophy related to OPA1 mutations are the most common forms. Nonsyndromic autosomal recessive optic neuropathies are rare and their existence has been long debated. We recently identified the first gene responsible for these conditions, TMEM126A. This gene is highly expressed in retinal cellular compartments enriched in mitochondria and supposed to encode a mitochondrial transmembrane protein of unknown function.

Methods

A specific polyclonal antibody targeting the TMEM126A protein has been generated. Quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization, cellular fractionation, mitochondrial membrane association study, mitochondrial sub compartmentalization analysis by both proteolysis assays and transmission electron microscopy, and expression analysis of truncated TMEM126A constructs by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy were carried out.

Results

TMEM126A mRNAs are strongly enriched in the vicinity of mitochondria and encode an inner mitochondrial membrane associated cristae protein. Moreover, the second transmembrane domain of TMEM126A is required for its mitochondrial localization.

Conclusions

TMEM126A is a mitochondrial located mRNA (MLR) that may be translated in the mitochondrial surface and the protein is subsequently imported to the inner membrane. These data constitute the first step toward a better understanding of the mechanism of action of TMEM126A in RGCs and support the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of HON.

General significance

Local translation of nuclearly encoded mitochondrial mRNAs might be a mechanism for rapid onsite supply of mitochondrial membrane proteins.     

人工microRNAs对拟南芥At1g13770和At2g23470基因的特异沉默

DUF647(Domain of unknown function 647)蛋白家族是在真核生物中广泛存在的、高度保守的蛋白家族。拟南芥中该基因家族共有6个成员,迄今为止拟南芥DUF647家族中4个成员的功能尚不清楚。文章以拟南芥内源MIR319a前体为骨架,构建了敲减DUF647家族中2个基因At1g13770和At2g23470表达的人工microRNAs(Artifical microRNAs,amiRNAs)。利用WMD(Web microRNA designer)平台设计分别靶向At1g13770和At2g23470基因的amiRNAs序列,通过重叠PCR置换拟南芥MIR319a前体序列。构建融合amiRNAs前体的植物表达载体pCHF3-amiRNAs,在农杆菌介导下转化拟南芥。RT-PCR分析表明,amiRNAs能够显著抑制At1g13770和At2g23470基因的表达,获得了抑制效果明显的转基因株系。At2g23470-amiRNA转基因植株At2g23470转录水平的下调导致育性严重下降。文章为进一步研究这两个基因的功能奠定了良好的基础。     

The Separation and Characterization of Carbohydrate Rich Component from Ovomucin in Chicken Eggs

We investigated the effects of near-infrared irradiation on the photoconversion of Chenopodium album water-soluble chlorophyll-binding protein (CaWSCP) in the presence of sodium hydrosulfite and found a further photoconversion from CP742 to CP763, a novel form of CaWSCP. Interestingly, one-third of the absorption peak at 668 nm was recovered in CP763, but re-irradiation under oxidative conditions eliminated the photo convertibility of CaWSCP.     

盐单胞菌DSM 16354T中新型耐盐基因的克隆及解析*

目的: 嗜盐菌分布广泛且适应能力极强,为加强对嗜盐菌耐盐机制的探索与研究,从盐单胞菌Halomonas alkaliphila DSM 16354^T中筛选出潜在的与耐盐有关的基因,对其进行生物信息学分析,并验证相关蛋白的生理功能。方法: 利用基因文库筛选和功能互补相结合的方法,通过与大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)盐敏感缺陷株KNabc(ΔnhaA、ΔnhaB、ΔchaA)的耐盐功能互补实验,筛选出具有耐盐功能的蛋白编码基因,并通过荧光猝灭恢复实验测定蛋白的逆向转运活性以及底物亲和力。结果: 筛选得到两个具有耐盐功能的蛋白编码基因,生物信息学分析结果表明该基因编码来自于DUF1538(domain of unknown function with No.1538 family)家族功能未知的膜蛋白,分别命名为duf1和duf2。系统发育树分析结果表明,来自盐单胞菌DSM 16354^T中的DUF1、DUF2属于一个独立的分支,预测这两个蛋白可能是DUF1538家族转运蛋白的新成员。对DUF1和DUF2的生理功能进行分析,发现duf1和duf2单独表达时均不具有耐盐碱能力,而共同表达时则表现出显著的耐盐碱功能,表明DUF1和DUF2两个亚基共同支持了蛋白的耐盐碱功能。蛋白的逆向转运测定活性结果表明双组份蛋白DUF1-2具有Na⁺(Li⁺、K⁺)/H⁺逆向转运活性。结论: 筛选得到的基因duf1和duf2共同表达时具有盐碱耐受功能以及逆向转运蛋白活性,这为筛选出新的DUF1538家族转运蛋白基因和进一步探究DUF1538家族转运蛋白功能奠定了基础。