苹果蠹蛾不育昆虫释放技术研究进展

不育昆虫释放技术(sterile insect technique,SIT)是一种环境友好、可作为大面积害虫综合治理(AW-IPM)的防治技术,是以压倒性比例释放不育昆虫来减少田间同种害虫繁殖量的害虫治理方法。苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)是世界重要的梨果类害虫,现已入侵世界5洲71国。本文综述了苹果蠹蛾大规模饲养技术、辐射不育技术、释放技术3个关键环节的研究与技术进展,主要包括:苹果蠹蛾人工饲料、实验种群建立、饲养设备与条件、收集和质量评估、长距离运输、辐射源与设备、辐射剂量与敏感性、释放方法、释放标记和释放量等,并介绍了各国采用SIT技术的应用效果。苹果蠹蛾在我国新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙、黑龙江、吉林6个省区发现,对我国苹果产业安全生产构成严重威胁,我国很有必要引进并建立苹果蠹蛾SIT防治技术体系。     

苹果蠹蛾线粒体DNA COⅠ基因克隆与序列分析

本研究采集新疆阿拉尔地区苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)幼虫,对其线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COⅠ)基因进行了扩增、克隆和测序,并对COⅠ序列进行了分析。结果显示:苹果蠹蛾DNA扩增出的COⅠ基因序列片段长度为709bp,序列中A+T含量极高,占68.7%,而G+C的含量只有31.3%。经基因序列比对,与其它几种食心虫的同源性为85.4%～88.1%,遗传距离为0.130～0.162;采用NJ法构建了卷蛾科系统树,所得的聚类结果与传统的分类结果基本一致。本研究结果为苹果蠹蛾快速鉴定的DNA条形码技术研究提供重要基础。     

A flight cylinder bioassay as a simple,effective quality control test for Cydia pomonella

Assessment of quality of the sterile male insects that are being mass‐reared for release in area‐wide integrated pest management programmes that include a sterile insect technique component is crucial for the success of these programmes. Routine monitoring of sterile male quality needs to be carried out both in the mass‐rearing facility and in the field. Simple bioassays that can be conducted in the laboratory and that would be surrogates for laborious field tests would be a very cost‐effective way of monitoring sterile male field performance. Simple flight cylinders were used to assess whether these could detect differences in quality of male codling moth Cydia pomonella. The number of male and female codling moths that flew out of the cylinders was influenced by cylinder diameter, cylinder height and number of hours following the initiation of the test. The flight cylinder bioassay was capable of detecting differences in quality of codling moths induced by irradiation when moths were shipped, but no differences were found in flight ability when the moths were not transported. The tests also confirmed that handling and shipment reduced quality more for irradiated than for non‐treated codling moth, and that insect quality was significantly influenced by larval rearing protocols. The flight cylinder bioassay was therefore successful in detecting differences in codling moth quality induced by various treatments that had been identified previously by more complex laboratory bioassays and field trials. Treatment differences were most likely detected when flight cylinders were 16 cm high.     

Parasitoid exploitation of the seasonal variation in host plant volatile emission for herbivore location

Volatile compounds from the apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), change considerably as the season progresses, and this is successfully exploited by the female codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae), as it searches for oviposition sites. In this study, we investigated the effect of seasonal emissions of apple fruit volatiles on the host location behaviour of a parasitoid of the codling moth larvae, Hyssopus pallidus (Askew) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). In dual choice olfactory bioassays, the behaviour of the parasitoid in response to apple cues was observed over the complete 2003 growing season. Our results show that codling moth infested apples evoked a strong response from the parasitoid at the beginning of the season, until July. Then, attraction dropped drastically, increasing again at the beginning of August. At the end of the growing season, just prior to harvest, infested apples hardly evoked any behavioural response. Interestingly enough, mid‐season emissions of healthy apples were per se attractive to the parasitoid, and even preferred over volatiles from infested apples. Simultaneous volatile collections from healthy apples on twigs in the field were analysed throughout the season, showing that the overall quantity of headspace volatiles peaks at the beginning of June and mid‐August. The seasonal volatile emission is correlated with the behaviour of the parasitoid during the fruit ripening stage. The results are discussed in relation to the use of H. pallidus as a potential biocontrol agent, in order to enhance current integrated pest management (IPM) programs.     

Isolation of microsatellite loci in the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Cydia pomonella L. is an important insect pest of pome fruits worldwide. We have isolated and characterized 17 microsatellite loci from the enriched genomic libraries constructed using a biotin/streptavidin capture protocol. Among these loci, 11 were scored polymorphic when 50 individuals from a laboratory population were screened. Their alleles numbered two to four, with the observed heterozygosity (H_O) ranging from 0.114 to 0.404. Successful amplification was obtained for all these loci when the designed primers were tested, showing the promise of use in genetic mapping and population studies.     

颜色对苹果蠹蛾产卵选择性的影响

苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella Linne是为害苹果Malus pumila Mill.、梨Pyrus spp.、桃Amygdalus persica L.等仁果类和核果类果树的重要蛀果害虫之一.为明确寄主颜色在苹果蠹蛾产卵中的作用,本文研究了不同颜色对苹果蠹蛾雌成虫产卵选择性的影响.试验采用彩色硫酸纸模拟寄主...     

Attraction of codling moth males to apple volatiles

The attraction of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, to apple volatile compounds known to elicit an antennal response was tested both in the field and in a wind tunnel. In the field, (E)‐β‐farnesene captured male moths. The addition of other apple volatiles, including (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, linalool, or (E,E)‐farnesol to (E)‐β‐farnesene did not significantly augment trap catch. Few females were caught in traps which also caught male moths, but female captures were not significantly different from blank traps. In the wind tunnel, males were attracted to (E,E)‐farnesol, but not to (E)‐β‐farnesene. The addition of (E,E)‐α‐farnesene to (E)‐β‐farnesene had a synergistic effect on male attraction. The male behavioural sequence elicited by plant volatiles, including upwind flight behaviour, was indistinguishable from the behaviour elicited by sex pheromone.     

用性信息素诱捕法防治槐小卷蛾研究

林间试验研究了用合成性信息素（反,反）－8,10－十二碳双烯－1－醇（E8,E10－12,OH）和（反,反）－8,10－十二碳双烯乙酸酯（E8,E10－12,Ac)(2:3)诱捕法防治行道树害虫槐小卷蛾（Cydia trasias Meyrick)的防治效果,诱捕区长500米,宽40米,三角形粘胶诱捕器悬挂在距地面约3m的国槐树侧枝上,诱捕器间距约15m,共悬挂62个诱捕器,对照区长250m,与诱捕区相距400米,防治效果用活雌蛾诱捕器,粘翅活雌蛾交配率以及国槐叶柄和果荚的受害率进行评价,槐小卷蛾一年有3次成虫发生高峰期,雌雄性比接近1：1,在诱捕区内,越冬代,第一代和第二代成虫发生期间分别诱集到雄蛾2268,2149和2342头,在越冬代和第二代成虫发生盛期,诱捕区内活雌蛾诱捕器诱捕雄蛾的数量比对照区明显减少（P＜0．01）,诱捕区内粘翅雌蛾的交配率比对照下降86．0％,在第一代,第二代和第三代幼虫为害盛末期,诱捕区内叶柄及果荚被蛀率分别比对照降低63．51％,68．47％和73．45％（P＜0．01）,试验结果表明,用合成性信息素诱捕法防治槐小卷蛾效果明显,前景广阔。     

Response of Cydia pomonella to selection on mobility: laboratory evaluation and field verification

1. The codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.), largely regarded as a sedentary species, shows great variation in flight capacity among individuals in the laboratory, as has been reported for tethered flight. The occurrence of individuals with the ability to fly over long distances is considered ecologically significant for the colonisation of new habitats in response to deteriorating environmental conditions. The work reported here was designed to investigate the importance of the genetic component in regulating dispersal in C. pomonella. 2. Bi‐directional selection on mobility measured by actograph was carried out in the laboratory. Both male and female codling moths responded significantly to the upward and downward selections. Divergence between the two selected strains occurred after one generation of selection and increased as further selections continued. The realised heritabilities for mobility were estimated as 0.43 in males and 0.29 in females when averaged from the two selection directions. 3. The dispersal capacity of the selected mobile and sedentary strains was verified by mark–release–recapture experiments in the field, though only the released male moths were captured effectively. Flight distances by males differed significantly between the two strains, with the mobile strain showing a greater dispersal capacity than the sedentary strain. 4. This study demonstrated a positive correlation between mobility measured by actograph and field dispersal capacity in the codling moth. Furthermore, it provides the first experimental data to show field performances of different genotypes in insect dispersal.     

Interactions of two idiobiont parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

Simultaneous use of parasitoids and entomopathogenic nematodes for codling moth (CM) control could produce an antagonistic interaction between the two groups resulting in death of the parasitoid larvae. Two ectoparasitic ichneumonid species, Mastrus ridibundus and Liotryphon caudatus, imported for classical biological control of cocooned CM larvae were studied regarding their interactions with Steinernema carpocapsae. Exposure of M. ridibundus and L. caudatus developing larvae to infective juveniles (IJs) of S. carpocapsae (10 IJs/cm2; approximately LC(80-90) for CM larvae) within CM cocoons resulted in 70.7 and 85.2% mortality, respectively. However, diapausing full grown parasitoid larvae were almost completely protected from nematode penetration within their own tightly woven cocoons. M. ridibundus and L. caudatus females were able to detect and avoid ovipositing on nematode-infected cocooned CM moth larvae as early as 12h after treatment of the host with IJs. When given the choice between cardboard substrates containing untreated cocooned CM larvae and those treated with an approximate LC95 of S. carpocapsae IJs (25 IJs/cm2) 12, 24, or 48h earlier, ovipositing parasitoids demonstrated a significant preference for untreated larvae. The ability of these parasitoids to avoid nematode-treated larvae and to seek out and kill cocooned CM larvae that survive nematode treatments enhances the complementarity of entomopathogenic nematodes and M. ridibundus and L. caudatus.