Influence of juvenile hormone and mating on oogenesis and oviposition in the codling moth,Cydia pomonella

Oogenesis in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, and the role of juvenile hormones (JHs) were addressed. Rudimentary ovarian structures were recognisable in day 3–4 pupae, when haemolymph JH was still undetectable by coupled gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry in the selected ion mode (GC‐MS/SIM). The presence of developing oocytes was observed by light microscopy on day 8, coincident with very low JH titres (0.74 ± 0.05 ng/ml JH II). Chorionation was only evident upon emergence, following an increase in JH in the pharate adult (0h old: 4.71 ± 0.34 ng/ml JH II). Analysis of haemolymph from virgin and mated females indicated that JH II was predominant, with approximately equal and lower quantities of JHs I and III (3.3‐ to 5.0‐fold less). When pupae or newly emerged adults were treated with JH homologues, no alteration in ovarian protein content was apparent, but the JH mimetic, fenoxycarb, depressed the number of oocytes filling ≥ 50% follicular volume. Chorion deposition was stimulated by JHs I, II, or III (10 μg), but not by fenoxycarb (0.05 μg, 10 μg). Mating provided correct stimuli for enhanced choriogenesis and egg laying, and, since haemolymph JH titres were concomitantly elevated (approximately 2‐fold), it was postulated that the rise in JH elicited both these events. Application of JHs to virgin females, however, could not mimic mating; only increases in choriogenesis were induced: JH‐treatment of virgins (or mated insects) significantly decreased oviposition rates over 24 and 48 h and markedly reduced the life‐time total number of eggs. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 41:186–200, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Field trials of CpGV virus isolates overcoming resistance to CpGV-M

The Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for many years as biological agent for codling moth control in apple orchards. Resistance to the Mexican strain of CpGV was detected in orchards in Germany, France and Italy. A laboratory insect colony was started from insects collected in a French resistant orchard. It was named RGV. Various virus isolates were identified as active against this resistant insect colony. Field tests were carried out in 2007 to test if the two virus isolates CpGV-I12 and NPP-R1 were effective in the field. Although these virus isolates were not able to reduce insect caused fruit damages, they significantly reduced the overwintering insect populations. NPP-R1 was subjected to eight passages on RGV larvae (NPP-R1.8) that improved its biological activity on RGV larvae. 2008 field trials were set up to test this improved virus strain, compared to CpGV-I12 and Madex plus active on RGV. These tests confirmed the ability to control both in susceptible and resistant insect populations.     

Host Location of Hyssopus pallidus, a Larval Parasitoid of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella

The effectiveness of parasitoids as biological control agents depends largely on their host location behavior. In this study we describe the host-searching behavior of Hyssopus pallidus (Askew), a larval parasitoid of the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. We observed parasitoid behavior on mature apples (a potential host patch) and elucidated some of the stimuli which determine host location. Female wasps showed more complex and intensive searching on infested apples than on mechanically damaged or noninfested apples. Wasps were able to enter infested apples through the calyx or the tunnel made by the host larvae and parasitize them. Area-restricted searching was observed on infested apples, in particular on areas contaminated with host frass. In a further bioassay, we confirmed that host frass contains a host location kairomone. The kairomone appears to be produced by the host independently from its diet, even though frass produced by hosts fed on an apple are more attractive than frass produced by hosts fed on a fruit-devoid artificial diet. The capability of H. pallidus to locate its host inside apples makes the foraging strategy of this species potentially useful as a biological control agent.     

Tebufenozide distorted codling moth larval growth and reproduction, and controlled field populations

The activity of the ecdysteroid agonist tebufenozide was evaluated on the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Tebufenozide affected larval feeding and growth, showing clear symptoms of a double head capsule. Under the SEM and TEM, symptoms of precocious apolysis of the larval integument were observed. Although this process was accompanied with a great inhibition of locomotion, muscle attachment to the new cuticle seemed not to be affected confirming the primary mode of action of tebufenozide as ecdysteroid‐like. In addition, tebufenozide exerted a sterilising action in female and male adults in the laboratory. Finally, the potency of tebufenozide was evaluated in an experimental orchard for commercial apple production in Belgium being, at least, as effective as diflubenzuron.     

Attraction of codling moth males to apple volatiles

The attraction of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, to apple volatile compounds known to elicit an antennal response was tested both in the field and in a wind tunnel. In the field, (E)‐β‐farnesene captured male moths. The addition of other apple volatiles, including (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, linalool, or (E,E)‐farnesol to (E)‐β‐farnesene did not significantly augment trap catch. Few females were caught in traps which also caught male moths, but female captures were not significantly different from blank traps. In the wind tunnel, males were attracted to (E,E)‐farnesol, but not to (E)‐β‐farnesene. The addition of (E,E)‐α‐farnesene to (E)‐β‐farnesene had a synergistic effect on male attraction. The male behavioural sequence elicited by plant volatiles, including upwind flight behaviour, was indistinguishable from the behaviour elicited by sex pheromone.     

苹果蠹蛾颗粒体病毒CpGV-CJ01的分离和鉴定

苹果蠹蛾颗粒体病毒(Cydia pomonella granulovirus,CpGV)是控制苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)种群的重要生防因子。商业化产品病毒株单一,抗性的快速产生会降低CpGV的防效,高毒力或与之具有遗传差异的新病毒株可用于延缓病毒抗性的产生或发展,对苹果蠹蛾的控制策略具有重要作用。本研究从中国酒泉地区苹果园中的苹果蠹蛾野生种群及其实验室种群发病虫体中分离获得一株致病病毒,通过幼虫发病特征、病毒包涵体的形态学及分子生物学方法共同证实该病毒株为CpGV,且与CpGV-M相似,将其命名为CpGV-CJ01。其幼虫的发病体征具有CpGV感染的典型症状,包涵体的电镜形态学观察结果符合CpGV结构特征,利用分子生物学方法克隆得到Granulin基因和凋亡抑制蛋白基因(inhibitor of apoptosis protein,iap)均与CpGV-M具有99%以上的相似性,但是对于毒力的准确定量需要做进一步研究。我国新病毒株的发现为我国开展苹果蠹蛾颗粒体病毒的生物学防治创造了先决条件,并可作为延缓世界范围内CpGV抗性的候选菌株。     

用性信息素诱捕法防治槐小卷蛾研究

林间试验研究了用合成性信息素（反,反）－8,10－十二碳双烯－1－醇（E8,E10－12,OH）和（反,反）－8,10－十二碳双烯乙酸酯（E8,E10－12,Ac)(2:3)诱捕法防治行道树害虫槐小卷蛾（Cydia trasias Meyrick)的防治效果,诱捕区长500米,宽40米,三角形粘胶诱捕器悬挂在距地面约3m的国槐树侧枝上,诱捕器间距约15m,共悬挂62个诱捕器,对照区长250m,与诱捕区相距400米,防治效果用活雌蛾诱捕器,粘翅活雌蛾交配率以及国槐叶柄和果荚的受害率进行评价,槐小卷蛾一年有3次成虫发生高峰期,雌雄性比接近1：1,在诱捕区内,越冬代,第一代和第二代成虫发生期间分别诱集到雄蛾2268,2149和2342头,在越冬代和第二代成虫发生盛期,诱捕区内活雌蛾诱捕器诱捕雄蛾的数量比对照区明显减少（P＜0．01）,诱捕区内粘翅雌蛾的交配率比对照下降86．0％,在第一代,第二代和第三代幼虫为害盛末期,诱捕区内叶柄及果荚被蛀率分别比对照降低63．51％,68．47％和73．45％（P＜0．01）,试验结果表明,用合成性信息素诱捕法防治槐小卷蛾效果明显,前景广阔。     

Field evaluation of commercial formulations of the codling moth granulovirus: persistence of activity and success of seasonal applications against natural infestations of codling moth in Pacific Northwest apple orchards

Inundative applications of the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella L., granulovirus (CpGV), which target neonate larvae before or during initial entry into fruit, offer potential for selective control of this key pest. In field tests on apple we compared the persistence and efficacy of single applications of three CpGV products approved for organic orchards in North America. In addition, the success of repeated (2–14) applications of one product (Cyd-X) as a principal control measure for CM in apple orchards was monitored following operational use by cooperating growers at four separate locations. In the first study, an early season application of all products at label rates remained highly effective for the first 24 h (averaging 94% larval mortality relative to controls) and moderately effective after 72 h (averaging 71% mortality) during dry sunny conditions. Significant activity remained up to 14 days, suggesting prolonged survival of the virus in UV-protected locations, such as the calyx of fruit. A second application later in the season was slightly less effective. Data obtained from commercial sites provide circumstantial evidence for the effectiveness of well-timed CpGV applications against CM outbreaks. In all cases where first generation larvae were targeted beginning at egg hatch (≈250 degree days) and treated areas monitored (0.3–1.6 ha plots), fruit damage during the second larval generation was reduced or eliminated. Based on the number of live larvae recovered throughout the season, mortality rates remained high (80.3–100% across sites). The cumulative number of moths caught in pheromone-baited traps was reduced (66–94%) in the second flight. Data from tree bands placed to catch diapause-destined larvae indicated overwintering generations remained low in treated sites (0.18 larvae/band).