Funerary practices of the Iberomaurusian population of Taforalt (Tafoughalt, Morocco, 11–12,000 BP): the case of Grave XII

The Iberomaurusian necropolis of Taforalt (Morocco, 11-12000 BP), excavated by Roche in the 1950s, contains 28 multiple graves. The funerary practices of the Taforalt population have been the focus of a previous work (Mariotti et al., 2009). In the absence of the excavation records of the necropolis, these funerary practices were investigated through the analysis of the contents of each grave and the distribution of intentionally modified specimens (ochre-dyeing, cut marks). Previous research has drawn particular attention to Grave XII (containing three male adults and two juveniles), where many intentionally modified specimens were identified. The present study focused specifically on the human remains recovered from Grave XII. Analysis of these remains has provided evidence of interventions, such as dismemberment and defleshing of the cadaver, and the use of ochre to colour the bones. Furthermore, the presence of lesions on two skulls suggests the possibility of intentional killing and cannibalism among the Taforalt population. This study further supports our previous impression of the complex and diversified funerary practices, characterising the social life of the Iberomaurusian population of Taforalt.     

Sphagnum establishment on bare peat: The importance of climatic variability and Sphagnum species richness

Question: What is the relative ability of four species of Sphagnum (S. fuscum, S. rubellum, S. magellanicum and S. angustifolium) to establish on bare peat substratum in the field when re‐introduced as single or multi‐species re‐introductions and in relation to interannual variations in climate? Location: Continental southeastern Canada. Methods: Diaspores (fragments) of four Sphagnum species alone or in combination were re‐introduced onto residual peat surfaces and were monitored to follow the development of the moss carpet over four growing seasons. In order to compare results under a variety of climatic conditions, this whole experimental setting was repeated four times (trials), with a four‐year follow‐up for each trial. Conclusions: The establishment rate of the moss carpet varied among years, in response to climatic variations between growing seasons. The relative success of different moss species and combinations of species, however, did not vary within or between trials. Thus, the species and combinations of species resulting in the highest short‐term or long‐term establishment rates remained the same for all trials, independent of the climatic conditions at the time of re‐introduction. Our results showed no link between the number of species in the diaspore mixture and successful establishment of the moss carpet. Yet successful regeneration was clearly influenced by the identity of species chosen for re‐introduction. S. fuscum, alone or in combination, was the species found to lead to the most extensive development of the moss carpet under the current test conditions.     

烯效唑（S-3307）对非洲菊切花保鲜的影响

以非洲菊(GerberajamesoniiBolus)切花为材料,以保鲜基本液(BP,20gL-1蔗糖 200mgL-1柠檬酸 150mgL-18-羟基喹啉柠檬酸盐)和添加30mgL-1烯效唑(S-3307)的基本液(BP S-3307)作对比实验,通过对切花外部形态观察和切花衰老过程中一些生理生化指标测定,探讨了S-3307对非洲菊切花的保鲜效果。结果表明,S-3307处理使切花的瓶插寿命比对照(蒸馏水)延长了4.3d,比BP处理延长了2.3d,而弯颈率分别仅为对照和BP处理的9.6%和28.8%。说明S-3307可增强切花的吸水能力,增加花枝的鲜重,延缓了切花花瓣中蛋白质的降解和抗氧化酶SOD和CAT活性的下降,并减少了游离脯氨酸和MDA的积累,维持膜结构的相对稳定性,从而延缓了非洲菊切花的衰老和提高了切花瓶插期间的观赏品质。     

河南灵井许昌人遗址动物骨骼表面人工改造痕迹

河南灵井许昌人遗址发掘出土了距今约10—8万年前的古人类头骨化石, 与头骨化石同层发现的还有大量哺乳动物化石及石制品等文化遗物。本文是对该遗址2005—2006年出土动物化石骨骼表面人工改造痕迹的观察分析结果。灵井遗址中13%的动物骨骼表面有人工切割痕的产生, 其中切割痕位于长骨骨干部位的约占此类标本总数的98.45%; 同时,在具切割痕的长骨类化石材料中,属于食草动物上部和中部肢骨的分别为34%和41%, 属于下部肢骨的则仅为25%。此外, 灵井动物群中具敲击痕、火烧痕迹、人工使用痕迹的骨骼标本分别占全部观察例数的4.2%、1%、1.32%。总之, 通过对动物骨骼表面保留的上述人工改造痕迹的观察与统计分析, 并与埋藏学实验及其他考古遗址相关属性的对比, 表明古人类是这一遗址中大量脊椎动物肉食资源的初级获取者和利用者, 他们是导致这一动物群聚集形成的主要埋藏学因素。同时, 许昌人遗址中大量破碎动物骨骼的出现可能也与古人类敲骨取髓的取食行为有着非常紧密的联系。     

非洲菊试管苗叶柄愈伤组织的诱导与分化研究

以非洲菊(Gerbera janesonii Bolus)品种‘Sunanda'试管苗幼叶的带叶叶柄为材料,研究了培养基、外植体类型和继代次数等因素对愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响.结果表明:培养基上附加不同植物生长调节剂所诱导出的愈伤组织在形态和分化能力上存在显著差异,叶柄基部诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基是MS+TDZ 0.3 mg L-1+NAA0.1 mg L-1.外植体以叶片长度＞0.5 cm,叶片已舒展,颜色嫩绿的幼叶最佳,继代培养基以MS+KT 1.0 mg L-1较适宜,愈伤组织在分化培养基MS+6-BA 2.0 mg L-1+NAA 0.1 mg L-1上分化出芽的同时还会增殖,分化率达87.4%,继代培养2次的愈伤组织分化率可提高至95%.不定芽在生根培养基1/2MS+IBA0.6 mg L-1上的生根率达100%,试管苗移栽45 d后,成活率达97%以上.     

Whitefly control in cut gerbera: is it possible to control Trialeurodes vaporariorum with Encarsia formosa?

We investigated the impact of inundative releases of the parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), for control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), on cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) under controlled greenhouse conditions. Experimental units consisted of ten plants covered and separated from other units by gauze tents. We assessed three release rates of the aphelinid parasitoid: a 7-week experiment with a standard release rate (10 m⁻²/14 days), and a subsequent 3-month trial with high (100 m⁻²/week) and very high (1,000 m⁻²/week) release rates. Experimental units without release of parasitoids served as control treatment. Gerbera plants were infested initially with 50–100 juvenile and 50–70 adult whiteflies in the first experiment, and in the second experiment with less than 50 juveniles per plant and 50–70 adults. Whitefly and parasitoid population density were assessed in weekly intervals using infestation and activity categories. Results show that parasitized whiteflies were present in all treatments within 2 weeks after initial release. Unfortunately, it was not possible to control whiteflies with standard release rates of E. formosa. Although parasitism rates slightly increased, the effect on whitefly populations was negligible. Large amounts of honeydew and growth of sooty mold fungi caused the termination of the first experiment. In a second experiment, E. formosa was tested at 10–100 times higher release densities. In contrast to the first experiment, whitefly densities increased steadily during the first 8 weeks, but remained constant until the end of the experiment in both treatments. Parasitism by E. formosa reached its maximum after 8 weeks. We discuss possible reasons for the low efficiency of E. formosa as a whitefly antagonist in greenhouse production of gerbera.     

百合花瓣衰老过程中的蛋白质变化研究

以5个百合品种为材料,对百合切花花瓣衰老过程中可溶性蛋白的变化进行了研究.结果表明,5个品种的百合切花都具有相同的蛋白质条带,如49.9 kDa、45 kDa、32.8 kDa、22.1 kDa;但品种问也有明显差异,如38.4 kDa是'黄色风暴'特有的;40 kDa为'铁炮百合'特有;'金百合'没有26.5 kDa的条带,但是相同的杂交品系之间蛋白条带的相似性要明显高于不同杂交品系;在百合花花瓣衰老过程中有的蛋白质的含量不断下降,而有的保持不变;在花瓣衰败期有新的蛋白条带出现,如'西伯利亚'、'黄色风暴'和'索邦'均出现58.3 kDa条带、'金百合'出现67 kDa的条带,这些条带可能与花瓣衰老相关,是衰老特异蛋白.     

切除顶技对加拿大伊乐藻生长的影响

切除5cm顶枝使加拿大伊乐藻生物量立即下降28%,净光合作用速率(Pn)和植株光合作用产量(PhP)与对照相比立即下降50%以上,去顶也对各种生长指标造成不同程度的即时损伤。经过随后28d的生长试验后,处理组与对照相比,生物量和总枝长(主枝+侧枝)增长率分别下降45%和53%,主枝伸长几乎停止;侧枝(分枝)数增长略有下降;水分含量明显增加;试验期间Pn平均下降了40%,PhP平均下降了51%.表明去顶对生物量增长、主枝伸长和冠层的发育有明显的抑制,对分枝数没有明显的影响。光合产量较生物量增长幅度的下降明显要大,其恢复去顶前水平的时间也比后者要长一倍。根据结果,讨论了去顶对沉水植物生长的影响机制、沉水植物的恢复能力并和其它收获试验进行了比较。       

氯化钙对非洲菊切花的保鲜作用

以 1 0mg ml的CaCl2 溶液作为保鲜液 ,对非洲菊切花进行瓶插试验 ,通过外部形态观察和生理指标测定 ,结果表明 :用CaCl2 溶液瓶插非洲菊切花可以增强花枝的吸水能力 ,增加花枝的鲜重 ,保持切花的水分平衡 ,减少溶质外渗 ,维持膜结构的相对稳定性 ,从而使切花的瓶插寿命比对照延长 3 3d。