河南淅川沟湾遗址仰韶时期的动物遗存

沟湾遗址位于河南省淅川县上集镇西南,老灌河东岸二级台地上。2007-2009年共发掘5000 m²,出土了7700多件仰韶时期动物骨骼。可鉴定标本至少代表5纲11目19科23个属种,包括猪(Sus scrofa domesticus)、犬(Canis familiaris)、水牛(Buballus buballus)、犀牛(Rhinoceros sp.)、亚洲象(Elephas maximus)、中华竹鼠(Rhizomys sinensis)、花面狸(Paguma larvata taivana)等。动物群统计结果表明,仰韶文化一至三期含犀牛、亚洲象、竹鼠等喜温动物,四期中无喜温动物;根据动物生境,可判断该地区仰韶文化一至三期气候温暖湿润,四期相对干冷。仰韶文化一、二期狩猎动物的数量稍多于或等于家养动物,说明该时期“狩猎采集”比“饲养家畜”的活动多或并重;三、四期家猪骨骼占比分别是90.7%和87.9%,说明饲养家畜是一项主要的生业方式,狩猎和捕捞仅起辅助作用。仰韶文化三期3个兽骨坑内各埋藏了1具完整的成年母猪骨架,其中K15内为孕晚期母猪,怀仔猪数为7或稍多,为研究我国早期家猪繁育情况提供了十分宝贵的材料。总之,该遗址出土的丰富动物遗骸可为研究汉水中游地区仰韶时期的古环境、生业模式、动物资源利用、畜牧史等提供重要资料。     

Alterations in peripheral joint muscle force control in adults with musculoskeletal disease,injury, surgery,or arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeTo systematically review and analyse whether musculoskeletal conditions affect peripheral joint muscle force control (i.e. magnitude and/or complexity of force fluctuations).MethodsA literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus databases (from inception-8th April 2021) for studies involving: 1) participants with musculoskeletal disease, injury, surgery, or arthroplasty in the peripheral joints of the upper/lower limb; 2) comparison with an unaffected control group or unaffected contralateral limb; and 3) measures of the magnitude and/or complexity of force fluctuations during targeted isometric contractions. The methodological quality of studies was evaluated using a modified Downs and Black Quality Index. Studies were combined using the standardized mean difference (SMD) in a random-effects model.Results14 studies (investigating 694 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant effect of musculoskeletal conditions on peripheral joint muscle force coefficient of variation (CV; SMD = 0.19 [95 % CI 0.06, 0.32]), whereby individuals with musculoskeletal conditions exhibited greater CV than controls. Subgroup analyses revealed that CV was only greater: 1) when comparison was made between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals (rather than between affected and contralateral limbs; SMD = 0.22 [95 % CI 0.07, 0.38]); 2) for conditions of the knee (SMD = 0.29 [95 % CI 0.14, 0.44]); and 3) for ACL injury post-surgery (SMD = 0.56 [95 % CI 0.36, 0.75]).ConclusionMusculoskeletal conditions result in an increase in peripheral joint muscle force CV, with this effect dependent on study design, peripheral joint, and surgical status. The greater force CV is indicative of decreased force steadiness and could have implications for long-term tissue health/day-to-day function.     

Effect of culturing parameters on the vegetative growth of Haematococcus alpinus (strain lcr‐cc‐261f) and modeling of its growth kinetics

The present study investigated the effect of different culture conditions on the vegetative growth of a new species, Haematococcus alpinus (strain LCR‐CC‐261f) using airlift photobioreactors. The influence of culture medium, aeration rates, CO₂ concentration in air‐gas mixture, temperature, light intensities, and wavelengths were investigated to achieve sustainable high cell density cultures. Growth parameters were determined by fitting the data to a form of the logistic equation that included a lag phase. The shear‐sensitive vegetative cells favored lower aeration rates in the photobioreactors. MLA medium increased to 40 mM nitrate produced high density cultures. Temperatures between 12°C and 18°C, 3% (v/v) CO₂ concentration and a narrow photon flux density ranging between 37 and 48 μmol photons · m^?2 · s^?1 were best suited for growth. The wavelength of the light source also impacted growth and a high cell density of 9.6 × 10⁵ cells · mL^?1 was achieved using a mixture of red and blue compared to warm white, red, or blue LEDs.     

Forest biomass,soil and biodiversity relationships originate from biogeographic affinity and direct ecological effects

Ecosystem biomass, soil conditions and the diversity of different taxa are often interrelated. These relationships could originate from biogeographic affinity (varying species pools) or from direct ecological effects within local communities. Disentangling regional and local causes is challenging as the former might mask the latter in natural ecosystems with varying habitat conditions. However, when the species pool contribution is considered in statistics, local ecological effects might be detected. In this study we disentangle the indirect effects of the species pool and direct ecological effects on the complex relationships among wood volume, soil conditions and diversities of different plant and fungal groups in 100 old‐growth forest sites (10 × 10 m) at the border of boreal and nemoral zones in northern Europe. We recorded all species for different vegetation groups: woody and herbaceous vascular plants, terricolous and epiphytic bryophytes and lichens. Fungal communities were detected by DNA‐based analyses from soil samples. Above‐ground wood volume was used as a proxy of biomass. We measured soil pH and nutrient content and obtained modelled climate parameters for each site. Species pool effect was considered by dividing sites into boreal and nemoral groups based on community composition. In order to disentangle direct and indirect effects, we applied variation partitioning, and raw and partial correlations. We found many significant positive relationships among studied variables. Many of these relationships were associated to boreal and nemoral species pools, thus indicating that biogeographic affinity of interacting plants and fungi largely defines forest diversity and functioning. At the same time, several relationships were significant also after considering biogeography: woody plant and ectomycorrhizal fungi diversities with wood volume, many plant and fungal groups with each other, or with soil conditions. These direct ecological interactions could be considered in forestry practices to achieve both economic gain and maintenance of biodiversity.     

Food and specific macronutrient limitation in an assemblage of predatory beetles

Habitats vary in food resources with carnivores often being prey limited, but it is unclear whether habitats facilitate a nutritionally balanced diet. Two paradigms in nutritional ecology, ecological stoichiometry and nutritional geometry, predict that carnivores are limited mainly by protein or lipid, respectively. Using the carabid beetle Anchomenus dorsalis and 10 other predatory beetles from agricultural fields, we developed and tested two simple procedures for quantifying macronutrient‐specific habitat conditions without requiring information about the natural prey. Both procedures assume that predators forage for nutrients rather than specific prey. Our results show that 10 of 11 species were food limited. Five species were lipid limited and one species was protein limited in the field. Co‐existing predator species showed considerable segregation of fundamental macronutritional niches. A linear relationship between specific nutrient limitation and the target lipid:protein (L:P) intake ratio indicates that species with high L:P target are more protein limited while species with low L:P target are more lipid limited. The study illustrates how species within a natural assemblage vary in nutritional niche and in specific nutrient limitation.     

The effects of buffer condition on the fouling behavior of MVM virus filtration of an Fc-fusion protein

A combined pore blockage and cake filtration model was applied to the virus filtration of an Fc-fusion protein using the three commercially available filters, F-1, F-2, and F-3 in a range of buffer conditions including sodium-phosphate and tris-acetate buffers with and without 200 mM NaCl at pH 7.5. The fouling behaviors of the three filters for the feed solutions spiked with minute virus of mice were described well by this combined model for all the solution conditions. This suggests that fouling of the virus filters is dominated by the pore blockage mechanism during the initial stage of the filtration and transformed to the cake filtration mechanism during the later stage of the filtration. Both flux and transmembrane resistance can be described well by this model. The pore blockage rate and the rate of increase of protein layer resistance over blocked pores are found to be affected by membrane properties as well as the solution conditions resulting from the modulation of interactions between virus, protein, and membrane by the solution conditions.     

树鼩原代皮肤成纤维细胞的分离培养技术

建立稳定的树鼩(Tupaiabelangeri)皮肤成纤维细胞的体外培养体系,可为有关此类细胞的实验和疾病树鼩细胞模型提供技术支持。取树鼩大腿内侧皮肤用组织块贴壁法和胶原酶Ⅰ消化法分离皮肤细胞,胰蛋白酶差别消化法纯化细胞;用MEM(10%FBS)完全培养基和含低血清生长添加物(LSGS)的培养基培养细胞;免疫荧光和蛋白印迹法鉴定细胞,并测定细胞的生长、冻存和复苏特性。经树鼩皮肤细胞分离效果比较,胶原酶消化法比组织块贴壁法更适合用于树鼩原代皮肤细胞分离;对分离及冻存复苏后细胞生长状况观察比较发现,添加了LSGS的MEM培养基更利于细胞存活、生长;细胞形态观察、免疫荧光和蛋白印迹检测鉴定所分离的细胞为树鼩皮肤成纤维细胞。成功建立了树鼩原代皮肤细胞的分离、纯化方法,并优化了该细胞的培养条件。     

Importance of infection of haemosporidia blood parasites during different life history stages for long‐term reproductive fitness of collared flycatchers

The interaction between birds and haemosporidia blood parasites is a well‐used system in the study of parasite biology. However, where, when and how parasites are transmitted is often unclear and defining parasite transmission dynamics is essential because of how they influence parasite‐mediated costs to the host. In this study, we used cross‐sectional and longitudinal data taken from a collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis population to investigate the temporal dynamics of haemosporidia parasite infection and parasite‐mediated costs to host fitness. We investigated host–parasite interactions starting at the nestling stage of the bird's life‐cycle and then followed their progress over three breeding attempts to quantify their fitness – measured as the number of offspring they produced that recruited back into the breeding population. We found that the majority of haemosporidia blood parasite infections occurred within the first year of life and that the most common parasite lineages that infected the breeding population also infected juvenile birds in the natal environment. Moreover, our findings suggest that collared flycatcher nestlings in poorer condition could be at a higher risk of haemosporidia blood parasite infection. In this study, only female and not male bird fitness was adversely affected by parasite infection and the cost of infection on female fitness depended on the timing of transmission. In conclusion, our study indicates that in collared flycatchers, early‐life is potentially important for many of the interactions with haemosporidia parasite lineages, and evidence of parasite‐mediated costs to fitness suggest that these parasites may have influenced the host population dynamics.     

Anti-salmonella properties of kefir yeast isolates: An in vitro screening for potential infection control

The rise of antibiotic resistance has increased the need for alternative ways of preventing and treating enteropathogenic bacterial infection. Various probiotic bacteria have been used in animal and human. However, Saccharomyces boulardii is the only yeast currently used in humans as probiotic. There is scarce research conducted on yeast species commonly found in kefir despite its claimed potential preventative and curative effects. This work focused on adhesion properties, and antibacterial metabolites produced by Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces unisporus isolated from traditional kefir grains compared to Saccharomyces boulardii strains. Adhesion and sedimentation assay, slide agglutination, microscopy and turbidimetry assay were used to analyze adhesion of Salmonella Arizonae and Salmonella Typhimurium onto yeast cells. Salmonella growth inhibition due to the antimicrobial metabolites produced by yeasts in killer toxin medium was analyzed by slab on the lawn, turbidimetry, tube dilution and solid agar plating assays. Alcohol and antimicrobial proteins production by yeasts in killer toxin medium were analyzed using gas chromatography and shotgun proteomics, respectively. Salmonella adhered onto viable and non-viable yeast isolates cell wall. Adhesion was visualized using scanning electron microscope. Yeasts-fermented killer toxin medium showed Salmonella growth inhibition. The highest alcohol concentration detected was 1.55%, and proteins with known antimicrobial properties including cathelicidin, xanthine dehydrogenase, mucin-1, lactadherin, lactoperoxidase, serum amyloid A protein and lactotransferrin were detected in yeasts fermented killer medium. These proteins are suggested to be responsible for the observed growth inhibition effect of yeasts-fermented killer toxin medium. Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces unisporus have anti-salmonella effect comparable to Saccharomyces boulardii strains, and therefore have potential to control Salmonella infection.     

β-Alanine Release from the Adult and Developing Hippocampus Is Enhanced by Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonists and Cell-Damaging Conditions

The release of the inhibitory amino acid -alanine was investigated in hippocampal slices from adult (3-month-old) and developing (7-day-old) mice, using a superfusion system. The release was enhanced by -alanine itself and the structural analogs taurine and -aminobutyrate. It was dependent on Na⁺, but independent of Ca²⁺ in both mature and immature hippocampus, being thus mostly mediated by uptake carriers operating in an outward direction. The release was potentiated in the developing mice, but not affected in the adults, by the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate, kainate, 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate and tetrazolylglycine in a receptor-mediated manner. Cell-damaging conditions, including hypoxia, hypoglycemia, ischemia, oxidative stress and the presence of free radicals, greatly enhanced -alanine release at both ages, but more markedly in the adults. The great amounts of -alanine, together with the inhibitory amino acids taurine and -aminobutyrate, released simultaneously with the excitatory amino acids in the hippocampus may constitute an important protective mechanism against excitotoxicity, which leads to neuronal death.