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61.
Janusz K. Kozłowski 《Comptes Rendus Palevol》2017,16(2):200-217
This paper deals with the environmental changes during two important transitional periods, namely Lower/Middle Paleolithic and Middle/Upper Paleolithic transitions, and with their impact on biological and cultural evolutions, in the context of central, eastern and northwestern Europe, where ice-sheet transgressions induced particular paleogeographical and paleoecological conditions. Another country was studied too, the Balkans, a privileged area for bilateral contacts between Europe and the Near East. 相似文献
62.
石生真菌是一类生长在裸露岩石上形成紧凑暗色菌落的特殊生命, 在自然界未发现其有性生殖结构, 它们具有丰富的物种多样性。石生真菌是地球上最具耐受力的一种真核生命, 具有独特的适应性, 并进化出各种适应机制以占据严酷的生态位, 它们在细胞结构、代谢方式、抗逆机制等方面具有特殊性。尽管石生真菌很常见,但由于其体积小、生长缓慢并且缺乏明显的形态特征而常常被人们忽视。本文在介绍石生真菌的多样性、研究方法和研究历史的基础上, 重点介绍石生真菌的逆境耐受性和抗逆机制以及石生真菌的应用研究。以期能引起科学工作者对这类特殊生境里的真菌研究的重视, 更好地理解这类真菌在地球上的重要作用。 相似文献
63.
Recent debates about memetics have revealed some widespread misunderstandings about Darwinian approaches to cultural evolution.
Drawing from these debates, this paper disputes five common claims: (1) mental representations are rarely discrete, and therefore
models that assume discrete, gene-like particles (i.e., replicators) are useless; (2) replicators are necessary for cumulative,
adaptive evolution; (3) content-dependent psychological biases are the only important processes that affect the spread of
cultural representations; (4) the “cultural fitness” of a mental representation can be inferred from its successful transmission;
and (5) selective forces only matter if the sources of variation are random. We close by sketching the outlines of a unified
evolutionary science of culture.
Joseph Henrich (Ph.D. UCLA, 1999) holds the Canada Research Chair in Culture, Cognition, and Coevolution in the Departments of Psychology and Economics at the University of British Columbia. His research combines behavioral and cognitive experiments, in-depth field ethnography, and evolutionary modeling to explore the coevolutionary emergence of cooperative institutions, prosocial motivations, religions, and complex cultural adaptations. See his website at Robert Boyd received his bachelor’s degree in physics from the University of California at San Diego and a Ph.D. in ecology from UC Davis. He has taught at Duke and Emory universities and has been at UCLA since 1986. With Herb Gintis, Rob currently co-directs the MacArthur Research Network on the Nature and Origin of Preferences. His research focuses on population models of culture. Rob has also co-authored an introductory textbook in biological anthropology, How Humans Evolved, with his wife, Joan Silk. He and Joan have two children and live in Los Angeles. His hobbies are rock climbing and bicycling. Peter J. Richerson received undergraduate and graduate degrees in entomology and zoology at the University of California, Davis. He is currently Distinguished Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at UC Davis. His research focuses on the processes of cultural evolution, most of it co-authored with Robert Boyd. Their 1985 book applied the mathematical tools used by organic evolutionists to study a number of basic problems in human cultural evolution. His recent publications have used theoretical models to try to understand some of the main events in human evolution, such as the evolution of the advanced capacity for imitation (and hence cumulative cultural evolution) in humans, the origins of tribal and larger-scale cooperation, and the origins of agriculture. He collaborates with Richard McElreath and Mark Lubell in an NSF-funded research group devoted to the study of cultural transmission and cultural evolution in laboratory systems. 相似文献
Robert BoydEmail: |
Joseph Henrich (Ph.D. UCLA, 1999) holds the Canada Research Chair in Culture, Cognition, and Coevolution in the Departments of Psychology and Economics at the University of British Columbia. His research combines behavioral and cognitive experiments, in-depth field ethnography, and evolutionary modeling to explore the coevolutionary emergence of cooperative institutions, prosocial motivations, religions, and complex cultural adaptations. See his website at Robert Boyd received his bachelor’s degree in physics from the University of California at San Diego and a Ph.D. in ecology from UC Davis. He has taught at Duke and Emory universities and has been at UCLA since 1986. With Herb Gintis, Rob currently co-directs the MacArthur Research Network on the Nature and Origin of Preferences. His research focuses on population models of culture. Rob has also co-authored an introductory textbook in biological anthropology, How Humans Evolved, with his wife, Joan Silk. He and Joan have two children and live in Los Angeles. His hobbies are rock climbing and bicycling. Peter J. Richerson received undergraduate and graduate degrees in entomology and zoology at the University of California, Davis. He is currently Distinguished Professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at UC Davis. His research focuses on the processes of cultural evolution, most of it co-authored with Robert Boyd. Their 1985 book applied the mathematical tools used by organic evolutionists to study a number of basic problems in human cultural evolution. His recent publications have used theoretical models to try to understand some of the main events in human evolution, such as the evolution of the advanced capacity for imitation (and hence cumulative cultural evolution) in humans, the origins of tribal and larger-scale cooperation, and the origins of agriculture. He collaborates with Richard McElreath and Mark Lubell in an NSF-funded research group devoted to the study of cultural transmission and cultural evolution in laboratory systems. 相似文献
64.
Recent work in the fields of evolutionary ethics and moral psychology appears to be converging on a single empirically- and
evolutionary-based science of morality or ethics. To date, however, these fields have failed to provide an adequate conceptualisation
of how culture affects the content and distribution of moral norms. This is particularly important for a large class of moral
norms relating to rapidly changing technological or social environments, such as norms regarding the acceptability of genetically
modified organisms. Here we suggest that a science of morality/ethics can benefit from adopting a cultural evolution or gene-culture
coevolution approach, which treats culture as a second, separate evolutionary system that acts in parallel to biological/genetic
evolution. This cultural evolution approach brings with it a set of established theoretical concepts (e.g. different cultural
transmission mechanisms) and empirical methods (e.g. evolutionary game theory) that can significantly improve our understanding
of human morality.
相似文献
Alex MesoudiEmail: |
65.
优化益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang高密度培养条件 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为实现L. casei Zhang的高密度培养,在之前优化增殖培养基的基础上进一步寻求适宜该菌的培养条件。研究了不同中和剂、缓冲盐浓度、葡萄糖浓度、pH值控制、通气条件和补料分批培养对菌体在恒pH条件下发酵的影响,根据不同条件下菌体的比生长速率、菌体密度和活菌数情况,确定L. casei Zhang较适宜的高密度培养条件为:培养基葡萄糖浓度为80 g/L~100 g/L,以氨水为中和剂使pH保持5.9,采用间歇通氮气的方法保持环境厌氧,分批培养方式下37°C保温发酵10 h~12 h后,L. casei Zhang细胞干重达到7 g/L,活菌数3.5×1010 CFU/mL,比优化前提高7倍以上,能够满足益生菌制品生产要求的高菌体密度。 相似文献
66.
Lauren W. McCall 《Evolution》2009,2(1):55-62
While human genetic variation is limited due to a bottleneck on the origin of the species ~200 kya, cultural traits can change more rapidly, and may do so in response to the variation in human habitats. Does cultural diversification simulate a natural experiment in evolution much like biodiversity so that cultural divergences and convergences can be interpreted in terms of the differences and similarities of local environments? Or is cultural diversity simply the result of human behavioral flexibility? Although the majority of cultural data comes from the tips of the hominin phylogeny, anthropologists can follow the example of evolutionary ecologists, who often compare the endpoints of phylogenies when that is all that is available. This article compares 97 contemporary indigenous language communities from around the world, and 24 of their cultural traditions, to help determine whether human cultures and their cultural traits are proportionately dispersed, as predicted by the neutral theory of biodiversity, or whether they show non-proportionalities that could be explained with evolutionary reasoning. 相似文献
67.
Chiara Ceci 《Evolution》2009,2(3):560-563
Two hundred years after his birth, Darwin, originated by the American Museum of Natural History in New York, is the most important exhibition about the English scientist
ever organized for the general public. This traveling exhibition has appeared in many versions worldwide, and a study of the
relationships between local developers of the various editions of the exhibition underlines how a scientific exhibition and,
more generally, science communication can succeed in striking a good equilibrium between universal content and cultural determinants. 相似文献
68.
A viscometric study of the biodegradation of photographic gelatin by fungi isolated from cinematographic films 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
C. Abrusci D. Marquina A. Del Amo T. Corrales F. Catalina 《International biodeterioration & biodegradation》2006,58(3-4):142
The biodegradation of photographic gelatin grade (Bloom 225) material was studied by viscometry in aqueous solution (at 37 °C, 6.67% w/w) using filamentous fungi isolated and identified from cinematographic film stored in different Spanish archives. From viscosity data, different variables such as molecular weight and chain scission were calculated. To ensure initial spore suspension concentration was standardized for all the biodegradation experiments, a correlation between transmittance at 530 nm of fungal spore suspensions and the corresponding cytometric determination of populations was established for all the fungal strains studied in this work. The bioassay experiments were carried out at 25 and 4 °C using an initial concentration of fungi of 4.5×105 conidia/mL except in the case of the genus Alternaria, where the concentration was 10 times lower. The fungal strains were three species of Aspergillus, i.e., A .ustus, A. nidulans var. nidulans, A. versicolor, seven Penicillium chrysogenum strains, and Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Mucor racemosus, Phoma glomerata, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum. All were gelatinase positive. Through the viscosity decay profiles with bioassay-time and the corresponding calculated chain scission, the relative quantitative gelatinase efficiency of these fungi has been evaluated. 相似文献
69.
Damian R. Murray Daniel M.T. Fessler Nicholas Kerry Claire White Maya Marin 《Evolution and human behavior》2017,38(1):63-70
The direct adaptive impact of rituals and other forms of behavior dictated or shaped by culture may be one factor influencing their persistence or lack thereof over time. Given that physical contact is a common means through which transmissible disease is spread, we explored the possibility that levels of normative physical contact would be negatively associated with levels of infectious disease prevalence. We tested this prediction across three domains of such behavior – greetings, romantic kissing, and mortuary rituals – by compiling ethnographic information on normative behavior in traditional cultures and comparing it with epidemiological estimates of pathogen prevalence. We find small but significant negative correlations between pathogen prevalence and both greetings and romantic kissing. Ancillary analyses suggest that these relationships are driven by human-transmitted pathogens. The relationship between pathogen prevalence and mortuary rituals is non-significant. Causal mechanisms that may account for these results, as well as implications and limitations, are discussed. 相似文献
70.
Several theoretical approaches have been proposed to explain variation in religiosity, including versions of secularization hypotheses, evolved cognitive biases, and cultural transmission. In this paper we test several theories that aim to explain variation in religiosity and compare them in a representative sample collected in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (N = 2022). These two countries represent a natural experiment in religiosity; despite their high level of historical, institutional and cultural similarity, their populations differ markedly in the rate of religious belief. We examine the predictive power of cognitive biases (anthropomorphism, dualism, teleology, mentalizing, and analytic thinking); institutional insecurity; and exposure to credibility displays of belief in childhood on various factors of religious belief. We find that individual differences in cognitive biases predicted 8% of the variance belief in God, but predicted 21% of the variance in paranormal beliefs and almost no variance in religious participation. Perceived institutional insecurity explains little variance in any of these variables, but cultural transmission, measured as exposure to credibility enhancing displays (CREDs) and church attendance in childhood, predicted 17% of the variance in belief in God and 30% of religious participation, and mediated 70% of the difference between these two countries in belief in God and 80% of the difference in religious practice. These findings suggest cognitive biases may explain the existence of belief in the supernatural generally, but cultural transmission through credible belief displays is a more plausible explanation for why people adopt and maintain a specific set of religious beliefs and practices. 相似文献