Metabolism of diclofop-methyl in cell cultures of Avena sativa and Avena fatua

The metabolism of the herbicide, diclofop-methyl (methyl-2-[4-(2', 4'-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoate), in cell suspension cultures of Avena sativa L. (cv. Garry) and in callus of Avena fatua L. (transferred to liquid) was determined as a function of time (8 h to about 3 weeks) and was compared to previous metabolism data from intact plants. A. fatua metabolized ¹⁴C-labeled diclofop-methyl more rapidly than A. sativa, but the metabolites formed were similar if not identical. Within 2 days, approximately 50% of the total ¹⁴C recovered was in A. fatua cells whereas less than 15% was in A. sativa cells. In older cultures of A. fatua, the amounts of ¹⁴C in the cells and in the medium were about 45% each; 10 to 12% was in the non-extractable cell residue. The ¹⁴C recovered from A. sativa cells increased to a maximum of about 35% at 7 days and then slowly decreased to about 18% by 21 days, whereas the ¹⁴C in the medium of A. sativa decreased to about 60% at 7 days and then increased to over 75% by 21 days. The nonextractable ¹⁴C residue was 5% or less even after 21 days. Major metabolites in methanolic extracts of cells of both A. sativa and A. fatua were diclofop (2-[4-(2', 4'-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate), diclofop hydroxylated at an undetermined position on the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ring (ring OH-diclofop), and conjugates of diclofop and ring-OH diclofop.     

西双版纳傣寨传统栽培植物的调查研究

本文报道了西双版纳傣寨传统栽培的315种植物引种的历史、引种的途径和它们在西双版纳的适应性。此外,对这些植物的经济价值,它们在发展生产上的潜力及在植物引种驯化上的意义进行了讨论。     

Cleaved AFLP (cAFLP), a modified amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis for cotton

In certain plant species including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. or Gossypium barbadense L.), the level of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is relatively low, limiting its utilization in the development of genome-wide linkage maps. We propose the use of frequent restriction enzymes in combination with AFLP to cleave the AFLP fragments, called cleaved AFLP analysis (cAFLP). Using four Upland cotton genotypes (G. hirsutum) and three Pima cotton (G. barbadense), we demonstrated that cAFLP generated 67% and 132% more polymorphic markers than AFLP in Upland and Pima cotton, respectively. This resulted in 15.5 and 25.5 polymorphic cAFLP markers per AFLP primer combination, as compared to 9.1 and 11.0 polymorphic AFLP. The cAFLP-based genetic similarity (GS) is generally lower than the AFLP-based GS, even though both marker systems are overall congruent. In some cases, cAFLP can better resolve genetic relationships between genotypes, rendering a higher discriminatory power. Given the high-resolution power of capillary-based DNA sequencing system, we further propose that AFLP and cAFLP amplicons from the same primer combination can be pooled as one sample before electrophoresis. The combination produced an average of 18.5 and 31.0 polymorphic markers per primer pair in Upland and Pima cotton, respectively. Using several restriction enzyme combinations before pre-selective amplification in combination with various frequent 4 bp-cutters or 6 bp-cutters after selective amplification, the pooled AFLP and cAFLP will provide unlimited number of polymorphic markers for genome-wide mapping and fingerprinting.     

含两类质体的细胞随分裂而质体纯化的特征

本文先通过转移概率给出了刻划杂合状态起始细胞可纯化,单向纯化,双向纯化的特征,然后引入了临界平均后代数概念,并用此概念刻划了单向纯化、双向纯化的实质．     

栽培稻与4种野生稻的原生质体融合

野生稻具有许多优良性状,是水稻遗传改良的重要物质基础。为了探讨应用原生质体融合技术转移野生稻有利基因的途径,进行了栽培用与4种野生稻融合试验。总计6·28×107个野生稻原生质体与栽培稻原生质体进行了电激融合。获得了4364块愈伤组织,再生了490个植株。试验了Y射线处理野生稻原生质体的有效剂量和碘代乙酰胺抑制栽培稻原生质体生长的浓度。探讨了原生质体来源对融合效果的影响,讨论了融合亲和性问题。     

苹果的抗氰呼吸与果实呼吸跃变的关系

苹果在发育期间呼吸对ＫＣＮ敏感,进入跃变期时呼吸为ＫＣＮ不敏感,但对间氯苯氧肟酸（ＣＬＡＭ）敏感。跃变期的苹果切片陈化后有诱导呼吸发生,且ＫＣＮ与ＣＬＡＭ对诱导呼吸都有一定的抑制作用。当在ＣＬＡＭ存在下进行陈化时,苹果诱导呼吸的发生被抑制约３０％,跃变期果实的特点是当果实进入成熟期时呼吸途径发生了由细胞色素途径向抗氰的交替途经转移的现象;同时其果实切片在陈化后可以发生诱导呼吸。     

枸杞木虱成虫携带瘿螨越冬

多年来一直认为枸杞瘿螨Aceria pallida Kefer以成螨在树皮缝和芽缝内越冬,我们在宁夏中宁最新调查发现,大量瘿螨若螨潜伏于枸杞木虱越冬成虫体壁缝隙,尤其以后足基节与腹部缝隙最多。初步调查结果显示,越冬枸杞木虱Poratrioza sinica Yang et Li成虫雌性和雄性成虫均携带瘿螨成螨和若螨,平均2~3头,最多的可达30头。如果枸杞瘿螨随枸杞木虱越冬成虫越冬成为主要途径,那么对枸杞木虱越冬成虫的防治将成为控制枸杞瘿螨危害的重要防治策略和技术手段。     

Plant remains from two cesspits (15th and 16th century) and a pond (13th century) from Göttingen, Southern Lower Saxony, Germany

A variety of well-preserved plant remains was recovered from a pond and two cesspits from late medieval and post medieval Göttingen. Cultivated plants included cereals, oilseeds and fibre plants, vegetables, fruit, nuts and spices. Rice and spices were imported from India and Africa and point to the relative wealth of the users of one of the pits. Additionally, a number of wild fruit, includingSorbus torminalis (wild service), was gathered from woods, clearings or hedges. Gardens were situated in the town or around its walls. Hops and grapevines were grown in special gardens in favourable places out of town. Apart from human (and sometimes animal) faeces, mostly kitchen refuse and waste from cleaning grain and processing flax in the town were deposited in the pits. Thus weeds of arable land are well represented, some of them indicating mainly basic soil conditions on the cornfields. Short-lived as well as persistent ruderals found suitable growing conditions. Poor grasslands were grazed, those on more fertile soils were also used for haymaking. Swampy areas were exploited for litter. A number of the recorded plants, especially some arable weeds or ones needing damp conditions, are nowadays threatened or extinct in the region.This paper is dedicated to Ulrich Willerding on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Literature on archaeological remains of cultivated plants (1995/1996)

Publications on archaeological remains of cultivated plants have been collected, mainly from 1995, with some earlier and some later ones. A list is given of the finds according to taxon, country, site, and age.     

Augmenting podocyte injury promotes advanced diabetic kidney disease in Akita mice

To determine if augmenting podocyte injury promotes the development of advanced diabetic nephropathy (DN), we created mice that expressed the enzyme cytosine deaminase (CD) specifically in podocytes of diabetic Akita mice (Akita-CD mice). In these mice, treatment with the prodrug 5-flucytosine (5-FC) causes podocyte injury as a result of conversion to the toxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We found that treatment of 4–5 week old Akita mice with 5-FC for 5 days caused robust albuminuria at 16 and 20 weeks of age compared to 5-FC treated Akita controls, which do not express CD (Akita CTLs). By 20 weeks of age, there was a significant increase in mesangial expansion in Akita-CD mice compared to Akita CTLs, which was associated with a variable increase in glomerular basement membrane (GBM) width and interstitial fibrosis. At 20 weeks of age, podocyte number was similarly reduced in both groups of Akita mice, and was inversely correlated with the albuminuria and mesangial expansion. Thus, enhancing podocyte injury early in the disease process promotes the development of prominent mesangial expansion, interstitial fibrosis, increased GBM thickness and robust albuminuria. These data suggest that podocytes play a key role in the development of advanced features of diabetic kidney disease.