起源于中国的栽培植物

中国是农业古国和大国,种植的作物约有840种,其中很多起源于本国。本文汇集起源于中国的作物为420种,涉及栽培物种553个。这些信息对中国作物种质资源研究和生物多样性保护有重要意义,并且可为国家制定生物多样性保护政策提供支撑。     

利用DNA ISSR分子标记技术对芍药属植物栽培品种的分类鉴定方法

以利用DNA ISSR分子标记逐级区分品种为主要研究目标,通过ISSR引物的设计与实验筛选,取得了进展。该方法类似于经典的植物形态检索表式的分类策略,不同之处在于利用基因组DNA分子性状作为品种分类的依据,即"ISSR引物结合位点"与"DNA ISSR片段长度差异"的组合信息。该方法不仅可以有效鉴定品种,而且可以很容易地生成富含遗传变异信息的0、1矩阵,通过运算揭示品种间的遗传关系与演化规律。该方法成本低廉、操作便捷,对于建立客观、科学的牡丹及芍药品种分类体系,对于芍药属品种种质资源的保存、评价与合理利用具有重要价值。应该加大支持力度推进其实际应用。     

Role of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex in protein glycosylation

The Golgi apparatus is a central hub for both protein and lipid trafficking/sorting and is also a major site for glycosylation in the cell. This organelle employs a cohort of peripheral membrane proteins and protein complexes to keep its structural and functional organization. The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is an evolutionary conserved peripheral membrane protein complex that is proposed to act as a retrograde vesicle tethering factor in intra-Golgi trafficking. The COG protein complex consists of eight subunits, distributed in two lobes, Lobe A (Cog1-4) and Lobe B (Cog5-8). Malfunctions in the COG complex have a significant impact on processes such as protein sorting, glycosylation, and Golgi integrity. A deletion of Lobe A COG subunits in yeasts causes severe growth defects while mutations in COG1, COG7, and COG8 in humans cause novel types of congenital disorders of glycosylation. These pathologies involve a change in structural Golgi phenotype and function. Recent results indicate that down-regulation of COG function results in the resident Golgi glycosyltransferases/glycosidases to be mislocalized or degraded.     

Some aspects of Late Iron Age agriculture based on the first results of an archaeobotanical investigation at Corvin tér, Budapest, Hungary

Until now, very little was known about the agriculture of the Late Iron Age in Hungary. This paper describes the first results of an archaeobotanical examination of a late Iron Age, Celtic settlement in Budapest. It is the first systematically sampled and representatively investigated site of this time period in Hungary. Most of the samples come from different types of pits, which were subjectively sampled. The macrofossils were carbonised and, apart from many seeds and fruit stones, consisted mostly of charcoal. Among the seed remains both cultivated and wild species were present. The spectrum of cultivated plants was marked by a large number of cereals. The dominant cereals were Triticum spelta L. (spelt wheat) and Panicum millaceum L. (broomcorn millet), but also common were Avena sativa L., Avena sp. (oats), Triticum monococcum L. (einkorn), Hordeum vulgare L. (barley); Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum L./Desf./L., incl. T. compactum Host. (bread wheat, including club wheat). Secale cereale L. (rye) and Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schübl. (emmer) were rare and seemed to be less important. The weeds and synanthropic vegetation, including ruderals, were represented by many taxa, and some of them also occurred in large amounts. The main cereals were sown as winter crops, judging from the rarely occurring of plants accompanying the cereals. Wild fruits contributed to the daily diet, too – as seen from the stones of Cornus mas (cornelian cherry), Crataegus sp. (hawthorn) and Prunus spinos (sloe, blackthorn). There were no finds of cultivated fruits. Received October 19, 2001 / Accepted January 30, 2002     

Multiattribute evaluation of regional cotton variety trials

Summary The Australian Cotton Cultivar Trials (ACCT) are designed to investigate various cotton [Gossypium hirsutum (L.)] lines in several locations in New South Wales and Queensland each year. If these lines are to be assessed by the simultaneous use of yield and lint quality data, then a multivariate technique applicable to three-way data is desirable. Two such techniques, the mixture maximum likelihood method of clustering and three-mode principal component analysis, are described and used to analyze these data. Applied together, the methods enhance each other's usefulness in interpreting the information on the line response patterns across the locations. The methods provide a good integration of the responses across environments of the entries for the different attributes in the trials. For instance, using yield as the sole criterion, the excellence of the namcala and coker group for quality is overlooked. The analyses point to a decision in favor of either high yields of moderate to good quality lint or moderate yield but superior lint quality. The decisions indicated by the methods confirmed the selections made by the plant breeders. The procedures provide a less subjective, relatively easy to apply and interpret analytical method of describing the patterns of performance and associations in complex multiattribute and multilocation trials. This should lead to more efficient selection among lines in such trials.     

Linkage disequilibrium clustering‐based approach for association mapping with tightly linked genomewide data

Genomewide association studies (GWAS) aim to identify genetic markers strongly associated with quantitative traits by utilizing linkage disequilibrium (LD) between candidate genes and markers. However, because of LD between nearby genetic markers, the standard GWAS approaches typically detect a number of correlated SNPs covering long genomic regions, making corrections for multiple testing overly conservative. Additionally, the high dimensionality of modern GWAS data poses considerable challenges for GWAS procedures such as permutation tests, which are computationally intensive. We propose a cluster‐based GWAS approach that first divides the genome into many large nonoverlapping windows and uses linkage disequilibrium network analysis in combination with principal component (PC) analysis as dimensional reduction tools to summarize the SNP data to independent PCs within clusters of loci connected by high LD. We then introduce single‐ and multilocus models that can efficiently conduct the association tests on such high‐dimensional data. The methods can be adapted to different model structures and used to analyse samples collected from the wild or from biparental F₂ populations, which are commonly used in ecological genetics mapping studies. We demonstrate the performance of our approaches with two publicly available data sets from a plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) and a fish (Pungitius pungitius), as well as with simulated data.     

西双版纳勐养自然保护区砂仁类型的初步研究

通过西双版纳自然保护区勐养保护区栽培砂仁和野生缩砂密的实地调查 ,比较了二者的形态特征 ,以及考证了植物分类学上缩砂密是砂仁变种的确立过程后认为 :缩砂密是我国云南南部地区、广西、广东及毗邻国家山地广泛分布的野生类型 ,其个体之间的差异明显 ,表现出多态性 .砂仁集中栽培于广东西南部 ,尽管个体之间也有差异 ,但其变异范围包含在缩砂密的变异范围内 ,是从缩砂密中选育出来的栽培类型 .二者之间的差异属于种群内的多型性 .缩砂密种群内丰富多样性为各地选育株系奠定了基础 .     

Literature on archaeological remains of cultivated plants (1997/1998)

Publications on archaeological remains of cultivated plants have been collected, mainly from 1997, with some earlier and some from 1998. A list is given of the finds according to taxon, country, site, and age.     

黑木耳的不同浸泡方式与其邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯含量相关性研究

通过对黑木耳中邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）含量测定,探讨了黑木耳Auricularia heimuer不同处理方式与其DiBP含量的相关性。对黑木耳采用清水、碱水和开水焯不同方式浸泡,高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定结果。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈（4.6mm×150mm,5μm）色谱柱用流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱,流速0.25mL/min,检测波长254nm,柱温25℃。结果表明,清水浸泡1d、2d、3d和4d的黑木耳所含DiBP的含量显著升高,平均是干品中的2.707倍;碱水浸泡1d、2d、3d和4d以及开水焯黑木耳10s以上均使其DiBP含量显著降低,平均是干品中的0.066倍。因此,黑木耳的浸泡处理方式与DiBP含量具有显著的相关性,为黑木耳的正确处理食用提供了科学依据。     

贵州赫章县野生韭菜资源调查与营养成分分析

贵州省是野生葱类资源的重要分布地区,特别是赫章县野生韭菜的分布面积较广。为了详细了解和研究野生韭菜的分布,对赫章县野生韭菜地理分布、生境及气候进行了专题调查,并对其主要营养成分进行了分析。结果发现,赫章县主要分布有3种野生韭菜,它们分别为多星韭(Allium wallichii Kunth.)、卵叶韭(Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mazz.暂定名)和近宽叶韭(Allium hookeri Thwaites暂定名);对17种水解氨基酸检测表明,除脯氨酸外,野生韭菜的各种氨基酸含量均较栽培韭(Allaum tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.)的含量高;而野生韭的含糖量却明显低于普通的栽培韭;在9种微量元素中,卵叶韭的锰、锌、铁的含量明显高于栽培韭和其他野生韭菜;对4种重金属检测表明,镉的含量在3种野生韭中均超标,特别是卵叶韭中的镉含量明显高于栽培韭和其他2种野生韭,卵叶韭的砷、汞、铅的含量也较高,超出了国家限量标准;原生境的多星韭的叶片和薹维生素C含量均高于栽培韭菜。本次调查中的野生韭菜资源生物学特征有明显特异性,营养成分存在很大差异,对这些资源的收集与保存将对丰富我国韭菜资源保存的多样性具有重要意义,对韭菜营养品质改良具有很大的开发和利用价值。