The influence of grass carp on habitat structure and its subsequent effect on the diet of tench

Ecological studies were carried out in shallow experimental sites in the Lancaster Canal to evaluate potential interactions between grass carp and feeding habits of tench.
Grass carp, through moderate weed consumption, produced better conditions for the exploitation of benthic organisms by the benthophagous tench, because tench (>35 cm fork length) were able to search for food in the open areas created. This also enabled the fish to make use of zooplankton, mainly the large species Eurycercus lamellatus whose restricted phytophilic habitat made it vulnerable to predation. Epibenthic animals, in particular gastropods and Asellus aquaticus , suffered principally from the predation, which caused severe reduction of them in the site totally depleted of vegetation. In this site, tench utilized a diet in which red chironomids were the dominant prey group together with a large amount of fine detritus.
It is suggested that a moderate control of vegetation in temperate climates, using the grass carp as the biological agent, could be a satisfactory management technique for the improvement of aquatic habitats.     

Have grass carp driven declines in macrophyte occurrence and diversity in the Vaal River,South Africa?

The Vaal River, South Africa, historically had a rich diversity of native submerged macrophytes with at least 13 species from 5 families recorded. Over the past 10 years there has been a noticeable reduction in the occurrence and diversity of submerged macrophytes in the river. It is possible that this is linked to the recent increase in the populations of invasive alien grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Cuvier & Valenciennes (Cyprinidae) in the river, where populations have been a concern since 2005. Grass carp invasions worldwide have been shown to have severe impacts on macrophyte biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This fish is an aggressive feeder on submerged macrophytes, as well as being an ecosystem engineer that can change water and sediment chemistry.     

草鱼野生和养殖群体间遗传变异的微卫星分析

运用微卫星标记对江苏境内草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidella)一个野生群体(邗江群体)和两个养殖群体(淡水中心群体和无锡前洲群体)遗传多样性进行了分析。在10个座位中,每个座位检测到的等位基因数2~8个。有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、期望杂合度、平均表观杂合度均以邗江草鱼野生群体最高,分别为3·9、0·5068、0·6939、0·7;无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体最低,分别为2·2、0·1796、0·5235、0·5286;淡水中心草鱼养殖群体各参数均介于两者之间,分别为3·5、0·2902、0·5418、0·5429。以上结果表明:草鱼野生群体遗传多样性更为丰富,而草鱼养殖群体存在杂合度降低,遗传多样性下降的现象。邗江草鱼野生群体与淡水中心草鱼养殖群体和无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数分别为0·219和0·246,而两个草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数为0·034。这表明草鱼野生群体与草鱼养殖群体间分化严重,而草鱼养殖群体间分化微弱。各座位分化程度的χ2检验结果表明,10个座位中有GM18、MFW1-1、MFW1-2三个座位群体间分化达到极显著水平,GM03-2、MFW5两个座位群体间分化差异显著,其他座位分化不显著。针对每个座位对各群体进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现:由于草鱼养殖群体在GM03-1、GM03-2、GM18三个位点杂合子缺失,草鱼野生群体在位点GM19杂合子过剩而严重偏离平衡。实验表明:近交容易引起草鱼遗传多样性下降,纯合速度加快。     

草鱼瘦素受体基因片段序列的克隆及其组织表达分析

根据斑马鱼、大西洋鲑和人等物种巴知的瘦素受体基因核苷酸保守区序列设计一对简并引物,通过RT-PCR法从草鱼肝胰脏中首次克隆获得草鱼瘦素受体基因的片段序列.该片段序列长713 bp,编码237个氨基酸,氨基酸序列分析表明草鱼瘦素受体基因片段氨基酸序列与其他物种的相似性在35％ -86％之间.通过邻接法(Neighbor Joining,NJ)构建系统进化树显示,鱼类的瘦素受体独立聚成一支,草鱼与金鱼、斑马鱼聚成一支,再与日本青鳉、黑点青鳉、红鳍东方鲀和大西洋鲑聚成一支.通过实时荧光定量PCR分析草鱼瘦素受体基因的组织差异表达,结果表明,草鱼瘦素受体基因在肝胰脏、肌肉、脑、心脏、脾和肠系膜脂肪组织中均有表达,其中在脾脏组织中表达量最多,显著高于其他组织(P＜0.05),其次是心脏、脑、肌肉和肠系膜脂肪组织,在肝胰脏组织中表达量最低,且显著低于其他组织(P＜0.05).     

TRAP及SSCP检测草鱼微卫星序列多态性

目的：在草鱼不同种群遗传结构比较中,应用一些来自鲤鱼的微卫星引物扩增草鱼的相关序列缺少多态性,该研究通过应用几种方法提高这些序列在遗传学研究中的价值。方法：运用TRAP随机引物与鲤鱼的微卫星引物组合,扩增出多态性好、重复性强的产物;同时采用SSCP技术对那些没有长度多态的微卫星序列进一步分析,寻找这些序列存在一些核苷酸位点的多态性。结果：TRAP可以检查到多态性好、重复性强的产物;SSCP发现一部分没有长度多态性的微卫星序列存在核苷酸位点多态性并且可以清楚分辨不同的基因型。结论：结果表明TRAP及SSCP在种群遗传学研究有良好的应用前景。     

黄芪多糖免疫草鱼母本对子代IgM、C3和LSZ表达特性研究

为探究黄芪多糖免疫草鱼母本所产子代早期发育阶段体液免疫因子IgM、C3和LSZ的表达特性及代间传递效率。采用ELISA、RT-qPCR等方法分析了饲喂黄芪多糖草鱼母本血液及其子代早期发育阶段3种免疫因子的蛋白质活性及mRNA水平。结果显示,黄芪多糖免疫草鱼母本血液中IgM、C3和LSZ蛋白活性均显著高于对照组。在子代早期阶段中,3种免疫因子蛋白活性呈先下降后上升趋势,实验组IgM蛋白活性在各阶段均显著高于对照组,在卵子、5d和28d仔鱼中分别提高了2.2倍、1.7倍和1.8倍。实验组C3活性在卵子、24h胚胎分别提高了1.9倍和1.6倍。实验组LSZ活性在卵子、5d和28d仔鱼中分别提高了2.4倍、2.0倍和1.9倍;在卵子和受精卵时期3种免疫因子mRNA水平显著高于对照组。在24h胚胎至5d仔鱼没有检测到IgM和LSZ mRNA,而在14d后3种免疫因子的mRNA均呈上调表达,但Ig M和C3 mRNA水平与对照组无显著差异。GCRV攻毒后,实验组2月龄草鱼脾脏和头肾中IgM mRNA水平显著高于对照组。结果表明,黄芪多糖能够提高草鱼母本免疫能力并向子代垂直传递,在应对GCRV感染时发挥一定免疫保护作用。     

水温与草鱼免疫应答关系的研究

通过在不同水温条件下，用ＣＦＲＶ疫苗免疫后的草鱼血清中和抗体效价和免疫保护力的变化探讨水温与草鱼免疫应答的关系。结果表明：（１）水温在１０℃以下，草鱼的免疫应答受到抑制，它对ＣＦＲＶ疫苗的免疫临界温度是１０℃；（２）在免疫临界温度之上，草鱼的免疫应答随温度的升高而增强，超过草鱼的适宜生长温度（３２℃以上），其应答反应反而有下降的趋势；（３）免疫诱导期的水温是决定草鱼免疫应答发生与否和免疫应答强弱的     

The relationship between specific dynamic action and growth in grass carp, Ctenophavyngodon idella (Val.)

Individual grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellu , were maintained in a respirometer for a month and fed pelleted diets containing various proportions of carbohydrate, fat and protein at different ration levels. Oxygen consumption was measured continuously, allowing the effects of consecutive daily feeding on respiration to be studied. The relationships established between daily food intake and oxygen consumption showed that, on average, 23.3% (high protein diet), 15.3% (high carbohydrate diet), 20.7% (high lipid diet) and 7.0% ( Lemnu diet ) of the absorbed energy was partitioned into specific dynamic action (SDA). (Here the term SDA is used to describe the oxygen consumption of a feeding fish in excess of the routine metabolic rate.) In terms of the overall energy budgets of growing fish, SDA represented between 12 and 58% of the total heat lost over the experimental period and was equivalent to between 14 and 33% of the consumed energy. Ration was positively correlated with heat loss due to total respiration ( r = 0.881) and with heat loss due to SDA ( r = 0.762). As ration increased, the size of SDA relative to total respiration increased. Significant positive correlations were found between oxygen consumption (total or due to SDA) and specific growth rate, and between oxygen consumption and the deposition of protein and energy. However, growth rate had a minimal influence on daily oxygen consumption when compared with food intake.     

草鱼×赤眼鳟F1与其亲本遗传性状的比较研究

采用生物统计方法,对草鱼、赤眼鳟及其杂种一代（草♀×赤♂、草♂×赤♀）的１０ 个数量性状进行统计分析,结果显示草♂×赤♀杂种的性状表现了明显的趋父性遗传,而草♀×赤♂杂种则表现了明显的趋母性遗传．用杂种指数衡量,在所测量的７ 个性状中,有５ 个偏向草鱼,只有体长／体高和脊椎骨数２ 个性状偏向赤眼鳟．这表明草鱼与赤眼鳟的杂交后代（Ｆ１）数量性状遗传受草鱼遗传因子的影响较大．