N、P供给对作物排放N2O的影响研究初报

The preliminary results with detached leaves and seedlings of corn, soybean and sorghumfrom pot and field experiments indicate that inorganic nitrogen supply can significantly enhance the N₂O emission and NO₃^- concentration in plants in the case of phosphorus deficiency and of less light, but phosphorus Supply and sunlight condition can markedly reduce the N₂O emission and NO₃^- concentration in the plants.It's concluded seemed thatthe N₂O emission is a kind of physiological protection to avoid NO₃^- accumulation in plantswhen nitrogen metabolism in plants is in disorder and mineral nitrogen is in over supply.     

From plant immunity to crop disease resistance

Plant diseases caused by diverse pathogens lead to a serious reduction in crop yield and threaten food security worldwide. Genetic improvement of plant immunity is considered as the most effective and sustainable approach to control crop diseases. In the last decade, our understanding of plant immunity at both molecular and genomic levels has improved greatly. Combined with advances in biotechnologies, particularly clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9-based genome editing, we can now rapidly identify new resistance genes and engineer disease-resistance crop plants like never before. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant immunity and outline existing and new strategies for disease resistance improvement in crop plants. We also discuss existing challenges in this field and suggest directions for future studies.     

芒萁对几种杂草和农作物的生化他感作用

本文研究了芒萁植株地上部分和地下部分水提液对几种杂草和农作物的生化他感作用。证明：（１） 芒萁水提液对供试杂草及白菜、萝卜的种子萌发有显著或极显著抑制作用,对全部供试幼苗的根生长和多数供试幼苗的苗高有显著抑制作用;（２） 地上部分的生化他感作用强于地下部分;（３） 芒萁对供试植物幼苗根生长的抑制作用强于对茎、叶的作用     

中国作物野生近缘植物资源

中国地域辽阔,气候多样,地形复杂,土壤类型繁多,加之农业历史悠久,不仅作物种类众多,而且很多作物都有其野生近缘种,从而使得中国成为世界作物的重要起源中心之一。本文在介绍中国作物种类的同时,列出了各类作物的野生近缘植物资源,为进一步深入研究和开发利用这些资源,以及国家制定野生植物保护有关政策提供基础数据和信息。     

Do farmers perceive a deficiency of soil organic matter? A European and farm level analysis

Agricultural soils with too little soil organic matter (SOM) content are characterized by fertility problems. A number of authors have tried to specify threshold values for SOM content to indicate what is ‘too little’, ranging from 1 to 5%, below which yields may be affected. How much SOM content is sufficient, however, depends on a number of environmental factors. In addition, up to date farmers’ perceptions were not included when developing thresholds. Therefore, this study focuses on the following three objectives: (1) to identify a risk indicator on SOM deficiency based on environmental factors and agricultural land use; (2) to test the risk indicator using farmers’ perceptions and (3) to establish threshold values for SOM content based on farmers’ perceptions.For objective 1, literature was reviewed on effects of environmental factors and land use on SOM deficiency. Findings were combined into nine options for a risk indicator on SOM deficiency, mapped at European scale. For objective 2, a farm survey was done among 1452 arable farmers in five European countries (Belgium, Germany, Austria, Spain and Italy). Associations between perceived deficiency of SOM by farmers and environmental factors, land use and the risk indicator were investigated. For objective 3, farmers’ perceptions on SOM deficiency were related to the average SOM content of their fields.Mapping the risk indicator at European scale gives a high to very high risk of SOM deficiency for 7 to 37% of European agricultural land, mainly located in Southern and Eastern Europe. Of the farmers in our survey, 18% perceived a high to very high SOM deficiency. A weak correlation was found between the risk indicator and farmers’ perceptions of SOM deficiency (0.15-0.18, Spearman’s rank correlation). Stronger relations were found between separate environmental factors and perceived SOM deficiency. Apparently, having a more extreme environmental condition for one factor gives a higher chance of perceiving a deficiency of SOM than a combination of moderate environmental conditions. Based on farmers’ perceptions threshold intervals for SOM content were established (sand: 1.2–4.7%, loam: 0.6–2.6% and clay: 1.0–2.4%).If policies on SOM management want to include benefits for productive capacity, targeting areas with a relatively high risk of SOM deficiency, more extreme environmental conditions or with very low SOM contents (below the given threshold intervals) seems most promising.     

Food security in 2044: How do we control the fungal threat?

Plant fungal pathogens place considerable strain on agricultural productivity and threaten global food security. In recent decades, advances in crop breeding, farming practice and the agrochemical industry have allowed crop yields to keep pace with food demand. In this opinion article, we speculate on which recent technological advances will allow us to maintain this situation into the future. We take inspiration that it is 25 y since the first plant disease resistance genes were cloned, and imagine if and how agricultural control of pathogens will be achieved by the year 2044. We examine which technologies are best poised to make the jump from lab bench to field application, and propose that future control measures will likely depend on effective integrated disease management.     

The plant remains from Gouda-Oostpolder, a twelfth century farm in the peatlands of Holland

An excavation in the near surroundings of the town of Gouda revealed the remains of a wooden farmhouse. Radiocarbon dates and pottery indicate that the farm was built around A.D. 1120–1135. It belongs to the initial phase of land reclamation in the wetlands of the part of the Netherlands called Holland. Pollen and wood analysis show that the original vegetation consisted of ash and alder woodland on a subsoil of eutrophic peat. People used local wood very economically for the construction of the house. A triangular figure of splitPinus sp. andAbies alba branches near the entrance provides an exotic and probably ritual element. The farmers practised mixed farming based on the raising of cattle, pigs and crops comprisingTriticum dicoccum (emmer wheat),Hordeum sp. (barley).Avena sativa (oats),Linum usitatissimum (flax) andCannabis sativa (hemp). Conspicuously absent isSecale cereale (rye). There are no indications of an orchard.     

Suitability of crops,fruit trees/plants to plant parasitic nematodes

Fifteen economically important plant species were tested for their suitability to commonly occurring plant parasitic nematodes viz, Hoplolaimus indicus, Helicotylenchus indicus, Tylenchus filiformis, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, Pratylenchus zeae and Meloidogyne incognita. The plants reacted differently to different nematodes. Moreover, eight fruit trees/plants were also tested for their suitability to nematodes.     

Boosting the globalization of plant proteomics through INPPO: current developments and future prospects

The International Plant Proteomics Organization (INPPO) is a non-profit-organization consisting of people who are involved or interested in plant proteomics. INPPO is constantly growing in volume and activity, which is mostly due to the realization among plant proteomics researchers worldwide for the need of such a global platform. Their active participation resulted in the rapid growth within the first year of INPPO's official launch in 2011 via its website (www.inppo.com) and publication of the 'Viewpoint paper' in a special issue of PROTEOMICS (May 2011). Here, we will be highlighting the progress achieved in the year 2011 and the future targets for the year 2012 and onwards. INPPO has achieved a successful administrative structure, the Core Committee (CC; composed of President, Vice-President, and General Secretaries), Executive Council (EC), and General Body (GB) to achieve INPPO objectives. Various committees and subcommittees are in the process of being functionalized via discussion amongst scientists around the globe. INPPO's primary aim to popularize the plant proteomics research in biological sciences has also been recognized by PROTEOMICS where a section dedicated to plant proteomics has been introduced starting January 2012, following the very first issue of this journal devoted to plant proteomics in May 2011. To disseminate organizational activities to the scientific community, INPPO has launched a biannual (in January and July) newsletter entitled 'INPPO Express: News & Views' with the first issue published in January 2012. INPPO is also planning to have several activities in 2012, including programs within the Education Outreach committee in different countries, and the development of research ideas and proposals with priority on crop and horticultural plants, while keeping tight interactions with proteomics programs on model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, and Medicago truncatula. Altogether, the INPPO progress and upcoming activities are because of immense support, dedication, and hard work of all members of the INPPO community, and also due to the wide encouragement and support from the communities (scientific and non-scientific).